Chapter 10

1. Chapter 10 A new Civilization Emerges in Europe

2. Today 10/30 and 10/31 • Practice Question • Reading Quiz • Reading Guide • Lecture • Simulation • Exit Objective: In this chapter you will be able to describe how Western Europe political structure has changed over time. In this lecture you will be able to distinguish the differences between Western Europe's political structure and others we have learned about

3. Western European Problems • Fall of Rome = fragmentation and economic hardships • Intellectual life decreased • Catholic Church becomes the only true unifying structure • Many places like Spain still Muslim • The center of the region is no longer Rome • Now more France and Germany with England growing in influence

5. Europe c. 1000

6. 1. Manorialism • System of economic and political relationships between landlords and their peasant laborers • This became common place as a means of survival • Trade decreased • Political stability (centralization) decreased • These manors were self sufficient

8. 2. Agricultural developments • Expansion of arable land • Population rises • Cleared forests, swamps • Lords encouraged such efforts • Improved farming techniques • Crop rotation methods • Use of fertilizer • Cultivation of beans increased • More domestic animals • Books on economy, agriculture • New tools and technology • Extensive use of watermills and heavy plows • Use of horseshoe and horse collar, increased land under cultivation • 3-plot rotation of planted land

9. New farming technologies And new foods • Before 1000, European diet - grains • After 1000, more meat, dairy products, fish, vegetables, legumes Increaseinfoodproduction Population explosion Between 1000 and 1300, the population of Europe doubled.

12. 3. The Church • Only real example of government organization based around the Pope in Rome • Christendom or The Age of Faith • Every aspect of life was dominated by the Church • Rulers were crowned by the “Grace of God” • Political rule viewed as divinely sanctioned • All Christians were expected to tithe to the church • Education, art dictated by Church ideals • Calendar organized by faith holidays • Fair prices, economic practices dictated by church • All answers to questions were dictated largely by faith • Law was largely dictated by religion • Serious matters submitted to Church for arbitration, resolution

13. 4. Charlemagne • Carolingians • Charles Martel defeated the Muslims at the battle of Tours • Charles the Great = Charlemagne • Was able to move W. E. toward centralization and unity • this brought with it a wave of light • Encouraged some church based education • OH look another example of a strong leader and stupid succession rules making the developing empire fall • 3 grandsons = 3 portions

14. Charlemagne’s Empire

15. After Charlemagne's death

16. 5. Empireless • W. E. couldn’t establish an empire for a few reasons • From this point on Regional kingdoms will prevail • HOWEVER they will sometimes be under the umbrella of the Holy Roman Empire • Cultural unity rater than political unity • Roman Catholic

17. 6. Feudalism • This is not the same as Manorialism • This is a Political and Military Relationship • Linked military elites (Landlords with Money) to lesser lords (vassals) • They owe military service and some goods • They both had serfs to work the considerable amount of land • How did this inhibit the development of a strong central state

18. 7. Feudal Monarchies • These Fifes of land can become a Feudal Monarchies • The King had to be able to control multiple Feudal kingdoms (Fiefs) • Very clear in England • William the Conqueror • A version of Centralization but not really

19. 8. Limited Government • Very politically divided and diverse area as we have already seen • Limited government will begin to development to reduce some of the power of the King and give it to lords • 1215 Magna Carta and King John • 1255 1st English Parliament

20. The Three Estates 1. "Those who pray" – clergy, spiritual estate • Ruling hierarchy: Popes, bishops, abbots • Common clergy: Monks, priests 2. "Those who fight" - feudal nobles, military estate • Royalty who ran a state • Land owning lords such as dukes, counts, princes • Lowest nobility with no land were knights 3. "Those who work" - mostly peasants and serfs • Peasants and Serfs • Those who lived in Towns (Burg = Burghers) • Not an estate in most countries • Grew to become middle class • People had the rights according to the estate they were born into

21. 100 Years War • FRANCE VS. ENGLAND • This is going to be on going (longer than 100 years) • Kings had to get over their belief that their purpose is battle and start dealing with the betterment of their countries • Major strains BUT new technology • Realized they had to replace these noble knights with paid soldiers • France wins

22. 9. The Wests Expansionist impulse • This will so clearly define W. E. later and it all starts now • They moved to many places often with the call of Christ • Eastern Germany and Poland • Spain (taking it back from the Muslims) • Iceland • The Crusades

23. 10. Religious Reform and Evolution • Monastic rules • St. Benedict (480-547 C.E.) provided a set of regulations • Virtues of Benedictine monks: poverty, chastity, and obedience • Western monastic rites differed from Eastern rites • Western rites emphasized work, prayer, service to the poor • Eastern rites were relatively isolated, dedicated to prayer but not outside contacts • The roles of monasteries • Became dominant feature in social and cultural life of western Europe • Accumulated large landholdings but spread knowledge • Wealthy patrons donated land to monks for monasteries • Taught peasants, serfs techniques of farming • Cleared forested lands, planted them • Organized much of rural labor for agriculture • Provided a variety of social services • Inns and shelters for travelers and refugees • Orphanages, medical centers • Schools, libraries and scriptoria • Monks served needs of rural population