Chapter 4

1. Chapter 4 • Founded in the eighth century B.C., Rome was ruled by Etruscans and experienced a period of monarchy before the republic emerged.

2. The Rise of Rome, 753-265 B.C. • A Great City is Founded • Geography • The Etruscan Influence • The Roman Monarchy, ca. 753-509 B.C. • Overthrow of Etruscans • Governing an Emerging Republic • Struggle of Orders • Governing the Republic

3. The Rise of Rome, 753-265 B.C. • Informal Governance: Patrons and Clients • Clients’ Role • Dominating the Italian Peninsula • Italian Wars • Foreign Policy

4. Chapter 4 • The Romans valued piety and moral seriousness and made the family the center of urban social life.

5. Family Life and City Life • A Pious, Practical People • Loyalty to the Family • Marriage Patterns • The Challenges of Childhood • Child-Rearing Practices • Life in the City • Life in the Forum • Diet

6. Chapter 4 • The success of Rome’s army eventually brought changes, positive and negative, to Roman Society. • The Romans’ Victorious Army • Weapons and Discipline

7. Expansion and Transformation, 265-133 B.C. • Wars of the Mediterranean • First Punic War • New Roman Navy • Second Punic War • Third Punic War • Eastern Conquests • An Influx of Slaves • Slave Occupations • Slave Revolts • Economic Disparity and Social Unrest • New Poverty

8. Chapter 4 • Republican armies conquered some of the great Hellenistic cultural centers which brought an influx of Hellenistic ways to Rome. • Resisting Change

9. Hellenizing of the Republic • Roman Engineering: Fusing Utility and Beauty • Engineering • Aqueducts • Concrete: A New Building Material • Pantheon • Latin Comedy and the Great Prose Writers, 240-44 B.C. • Cicero • Caesar’s Writings

10. Chapter 4 • An economic downturn, which some leaders tried to prevent with reforms, led to a decay in the political life of the Roman republic, as political murder and dictatorship became common.

11. The Twilight of the Republic, 133-44 B.C. • The Reforms of the Gracchi, 133-123 B.C. • Tiberius’s Reforms • Gaius’s Reforms • Populares vs. Optimates: The Eruption of Civil Wars, 123-46 B.C. • Marius • Sulla • First Triumvirate

12. The Twilight of the Republic, 133-44 B.C. • Julius Caesar, 100-44 B.C. • Civil War • Political Titles • Conspiracy • Caesar’s Murder

13. Chapter 5 • After winning a violent civil war, Augustus came to power and transformed the Roman government into a new system, the principate, which itself was also transformed as succeeding emperors struggled to meet the challenges of governing of an empire.

14. The Pax Romana, 27 B.C. – A.D. 192 • Augustus Takes Power • Civil War • A New Form of Governing • The Principate • Governmental Structure • A.D.ministering an empire • Virgil’s Aeneid • Livy’s Historia

15. The Pax Romana, 27 B.C. – A.D. 192 • Challenges to the Principate, A.D. 69-193 • Augustus’s Successors • A New Dynasty • Provincial Defense • A Vibrant, Far-Flung Empire • Colonies • Provincial Administration • Roads and Transportation • Imperial Diversity

16. Chapter 5 • The wealth pouring in from the provinces brought new problems to Roman society, which Roman rulers tried to solve with laws and new civic activites.

17. Life During the Peace of Rome • A New Decadence • The Problem with Population • Birthrates • Sexual and Medical Misunderstandings • Galen • The Games • From Forum to Arena • Gladiators

18. Chapter 5 • With the end of the Roman peace, rulers like Diocletian and Constantine sought to resolve economic and political problems with reforms.

19. Crisis and Transformation, A.D. 192 – ca. 400 • The Military Monarchy • Threats to Empire • Economic Recession • Inflation • The Reforms of Diocletian, A.D. 284-305 • Tetrarchy • Military Reforms • Economic Reforms

20. Crisis and Transformation, A.D. 192 – ca. 400 • The Capital Moves East • Constantinople • Twilight of the Empire • Rome’s “Fall”

21. Chapter 5 • Although religion continued to play an important role in Roman life, many suffered from a spiritual dissatisfaction, which led to the popularity of new philosophic and religious movements.

22. The Longing for Religious Fulfillment • Stoicism and Platonism • Neo-Platonism • Mystery Cults • Cult of Dionysus • Cult of Isis • The Four Faces of Judaism • Sadducess and Pharisees • Essenes • The Messiah

23. The Longing for Religious Fulfillment • The Jesus Movement • Jesus’ Ideas • Apostles • Paul of Tarsus • Destruction of the Temple • Dispersion of Jews • Early Christian Communities

24. Chapter 5 • Christians were misunderstood and even persecuted until Constantine’s support of Christianity transformed both the status of the religion and Christianity itself. • Looking for Christian Scapegoats

25. From Christian Persecution to the City of God, A.D. 64-410 • Constantine: The Tolerant Emperor • Constantine Supports Church • The Empire Adopts Christianity • Christianity Changes • Christian Organization • Religious Disagreements • City of God • The New Roman • Christian Sexuality

26. Chapter 5 • Fleeing Christians sought refuge and spiritual fulfillment in asceticism and communal monasticism, while saints became an important part of the Christian faith. • Flight to the Desert • Monastic Communities

27. The Holy Life • The Influence of Holy People • Saints’ Cults • Ascetic Influence

28. Chapter 6 • The arrival of Germanic peoples transformed the Roman Empire and new kingdoms emerged, in which the church played an increasingly important role.

29. The Making of the Western Kingdoms, ca. 376-750 • Life in a German Clan and Family • Roman Sources • Marriage Patterns • Germanic Clothing and Food • Agriculture and Diet • Heroic Society • Warrior Bands

30. The Making of the Western Kingdoms, ca. 376-750 • Infiltrating the Roman Empire, 376-476 • The Huns • Federate Treaties • Arian Christianity • Loss of Provinces • Did Rome “Fall”? • Transformation not “Fall” • Germans Transformed • The Growing Power of the Popes • Petrine Doctrine • Gregory the Great

31. The Making of the Western Kingdoms, ca. 376-750 • Monasteries: Peaceful Havens • Benedict of Nursia • Irish Christianity • Conversion of Britian • Rise and Fall of a Frankish Dynasty, ca. 485-750 • Christian Merovingians • Decline of Merovingians • Accomplishments and Destruction in Italy, ca. 490-750 • Fostering Learning • Fall of Ostrogoths

32. The Making of the Western Kingdoms, ca. 376-750 • The Visigoths in Spain, 418-711 • Visigothic Weaknesses

33. Chapter 6 • As the invasions of the Germanic peoples transformed the western part of the empire, the east distanced itself from the west, which led to its transformation into a distinct empire, now called Byzantium. • A Separate Empire

34. The Byzantine Empire, ca. 400-1000 • Justinian and Theodora, r. 527-565 • Nika Riot • Rebuilding the City • Legal Codification • Reconquering the West • Constantinople: The Vibrant City in the East • Lucrative Industries • Chariot Races • Military Might and Diplomatic Dealings • Provincial Organization • The Army • Diplomacy

35. The Byzantine Empire, ca. 400-1000 • Breaking Away from the West • Religious Controversy • Iconoclasm • Converting the Slavs, 560-ca. 1000 • Cyril and Methodius • Conversion of Russia • “Golden Age”

36. Chapter 6 • The new religion preached by Muhammad spread quickly and led to the creation of an expanding empire in which Hellenistic learning was preserved as new cultural forms emerged.

37. Islam, 600-1000 • The Prophet • The Qur’an • The Religion • Faith • Public Rituals • The Spread of Islam • Hijra • Battle of Tours • Reasons for Success

38. Islam, 600-1000 • Creating an Islamic Unity • Unifying Elements • The Gracious Life • Women • Daily Life • Forces of Disunity • Shi’ite Muslims • Umayyad Caliphate • Abbasid Caliphate

39. Islam, 600-1000 • Heirs to Hellenistic Learning • Medicine • Mathematics • Literature • Islam and the West