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Presented by John G. Learned University of Hawaii at Manoa

Hanohano Particle Physics Capabilities. Presented by John G. Learned University of Hawaii at Manoa with thanks for help from many colleagues at UH, in KamLAND, and others. Hanohano Origins.

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Presented by John G. Learned University of Hawaii at Manoa

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  1. Hanohano Particle Physics Capabilities Presented by John G. Learned University of Hawaii at Manoa with thanks for help from many colleagues at UH, in KamLAND, and others

  2. Hanohano Origins • Started as an exercise in ’03 investigating future potential for world reactor and weapons testing monitoring, inspired by DTRA inquiry on future use of neutrinos. • Workshop in 1/04 concluded that such will be possible, with giant detectors, and technology just being developed. • http://www.phys.hawaii.edu/~jgl/nacw.html • Plan to get experience with remote monitoring with a detector that can be built today. • Aim for ~10x KamLAND, needed for geology 1yr runs. • Discussed science goals at geology & physics workshops in ’05 @ UH and ’06 @ AGU Baltimore, NOW06 Italy, NNN06 Seattle…. Initially geology and then physics • UH 12/05 http://www.phys.hawaii.edu/~sdye/hnsc.html • AGU 5/06 http://www.agu.org/meetings/sm06/sm06sessions/sm06_U41F.html • Italy 9/06 http://www.ba.infn.it/~now2006/ • Seattle 9/06 http://neutrino.phys.washington.edu/nnn06/ John G. Learned at DOANOW

  3. Nuclear Monitoring Requires Enormous DetectorsSingle detector, LE = Low Energy ~>MeV, HE = High Energy ~ >GeV Surface Under water (Future Array) Present HE Nu Detectors (ICECUBE) 1 KT Bomb Future Practical now (HyperK) 10 MWt 1GWt Proposed (Hanohano) Present (KamLAND) Size for 25% measurement of reactor flux, 1 yr, no background. John G. Learned at DOANOW

  4. 1-10 Megaton Module Not Outlandish 1 km3 under construction Proposed Megaton Hyper-Kamiokande SuperK exists Kamland exists 1-10 Megaton units similar to sizes proposed for slightly higher energy, and much smaller than ICECUBE under construction. John G. Learned at DOANOW

  5. Spinoff, Planetary Defense:Type II Supernova Early Warning Silicon burning during last ~2 days prior to collapse detectable from whole galaxy! Sudden increase in single neutron appearance Odrzywolek, et al., astro-ph/0311012 John G. Learned at DOANOW

  6. Particle Physics Big Questions: Neutrino Properties • Non-zero neutrino mass and oscillations between flavors established. • Filling in MNS-P mixing matrix needed. • Need precise (few %) values. • Quest for θ13, need various approaches. • Hierarchy of masses? (m1<m2<m3 ?) • CP violation? CPT? • Importance to cosmology, grand unification…. ► This experiment addresses many of these John G. Learned at DOANOW

  7. Neutrino Oscillation Physics • Precision measurement of mixing parameters • Determination of mass hierarchy (newly proposed method) John G. Learned at DOANOW

  8. 3-ν Mixing: Reactor Neutrinos } wavelength close, 3% Pee=1-{ cos4(θ13) sin2(2θ12) [1-cos(Δm221L/2E)] + cos2(θ12) sin2(2θ13) [1-cos(Δm231L/2E)] + sin2(θ12) sin2(2θ13) [1-cos(Δm232L/2E)]}/2 → Each of 3 amplitudes cycles (in L/E ~ “t”) with own periodicity (Δm2 ~ “ω”) - amplitudes 13.5 : 2.5 : 1.0 above - wavelengths ~110 km and ~4 km at reactor peak ~3.5 MeV • ½-cycle measurements can yield • Mixing angles, mass-squared differences • Multi-cycle measurements can yield • Mixing angles, precise mass-squared differences • Potential for mass hierarchy • Less sensitivity to systematics John G. Learned at DOANOW

  9. νe Mixing Parameters: Present Knowledge • KamLAND combined analysis: tan2(θ12)=0.40(+0.10/–0.07) Δm221=(7.9±0.7)×10-5 eV2 Araki et al., Phys. Rev. Lett. 94 (2005) 081801. • CHOOZ limit: sin2(2θ13) ≤ 0.20 Apollonio et al., Eur. Phys. J. C27 (2003) 331-374. • SuperK and K2K: Δm231=(2.5±0.5)×10-3 eV2 Ashie et al., Phys. Rev. D64 (2005) 112005 Aliu et al., Phys. Rev. Lett. 94 (2005) 081802 John G. Learned at DOANOW

  10. Suggested ½-cycle θ12 measurementwith Hanohano • Reactor experiment- νe point source • P(νe→νe)≈1-sin2(2θ12)sin2(Δm221L/4E) • 60 GW·kT·y exposure at 50-70 km • ~4% systematic error from near detector • sin2(θ12) measured with ~2% uncertainty Bandyopadhyay et al., Phys. Rev. D67 (2003) 113011. Minakata et al., hep-ph/0407326 Bandyopadhyay et al., hep-ph/0410283 oscillation maximum at ~ 60 km John G. Learned at DOANOW

  11. Energy Spectra, Distance and Oscillations 50 km study Constant L/E E Log(Rate) vs Energy and DIstance L First return of “solar” oscillation John G. Learned at DOANOW

  12. Rate versus Distance and θ13 Note shift in total rate due to θ13 Rate Variation with θ13 Rate versus Distance No osc Message: cannot measure θ12 well without measuring θ13. Osc sin2(2θ13) Max suppression near 57 km John G. Learned at DOANOW

  13. Reactor Anti-Neutrino Spectra at 50 km suggests using Fourier Transforms Energy, E Distance/energy, L/E no oscillation no oscillation > 15 cycles oscillations oscillations Neutrino energy (MeV) L/E (km/MeV) 1,2 oscillations with sin2(2θ12)=0.82 and Δm221=7.9x10-5eV2 1,3 oscillations with sin2(2θ13)=0.10 andΔm231=2.5x10-3 eV2 John G. Learned at DOANOW

  14. Fourier Transform on L/E to Δm2 Peak profile versus distance Fourier Power, Log Scale Δm232 < Δm231 normalhierarchy E smearing 0.0025 eV2 peak due to nonzero θ13 50 km Spectrum w/ θ13=0 Fewer cycles Δm2 (x10-2 eV2) Preliminary- 50 kt-y exposure at 50 km range sin2(2θ13)≥0.02 Δm231=0.0025 eV2 to 1% level Learned, Dye,Pakvasa, Svoboda hep-ex/0612022 Δm2/eV2 Includes energy smearing John G. Learned at DOANOW

  15. Measure Δm231 by Fourier Transform Determine ν Mass Hierarchy inverted normal Δm231 > Δm232 |Δm231| < |Δm232| Determination possible at 50 km range sin2(2θ13)≥0.05 and 10 kt-y sin2(2θ13)≥0.02 and 100 kt-y θ12<π/4! Plot by jgl Δm2 (x10-2 eV2) But do better than this using correlation function or matched filter Learned, Dye, Pakvasa, and Svoboda, hep-ex/0612022 John G. Learned at DOANOW

  16. Comparing hierarchies Similar oscillations, different FT Similar FT, different oscillations Thanks Steve Parke John G. Learned at DOANOW

  17. Beauty of Employing Fourier(new realization, by us anyway) • Normal statistical sqrt(n) Poisson errors apply to peak amplitude (mixing angle), • but NOT to peak location… allows possibility for very precise measurement of Δm2 (<1% by MC) (1/n?) • Beats χ2 and normal Max£. • Employ signal processing tricks to maximize information extraction (ie. matched filter). John G. Learned at DOANOW

  18. Suggested Mass Hierarchy Determination- via Reactor Neutrino Spectral Distortion Earlier suggestions Petcov and Piai, Phys. Lett. B533 (2002) 94-106. Schoenert, Lasserre, and Oberaurer, Astropart.Phys. 18 (2003) 565-579. John G. Learned at DOANOW

  19. Hierarchy Determination Ideal Case with 10 kiloton Detector off San Onofre Sin22θ13 Variation: 0.02 – 0.2 Distance variation: 30, 40, 50, 60 km Hierarchy tests employing Matched filter technique, for Both normal and inverted hierarchy on each of 1000 simulated one year experiments using 10 kiloton detector. Inverted hierarchy But ten years separates even at 0.02 Normal Hierarchy, 1000 experiments, several distances Sensitive to energy resolution: probably need 3%/sqrt(E) to reach 0.02 John G. Learned at DOANOW

  20. Hanohano- Candidate Reactor Sites San Onofre- ~6 GWth Maanshan- ~5 GWth John G. Learned at DOANOW

  21. Hanohano- 10 kT-y Exposure • Neutrino Geophysics – anywhere in deep ocean • Mantle flux U/Th geo-neutrinos to ~25% • Measure Th/U ratio to ~20% • Rule out geo-reactor of P>0.3 TW • Neutrino Oscillation Physics- ~55 km from reactor • Measure sin2 (θ12) to few % w/ standard ½-cycle • Measure sin2(2θ13) down to ~0.05 w/ multi-cycle • Δm231 to less than 1% w/ multi-cycle • Mass hierarchy if θ13≠0 w/multi-cycle & no near detector; insensitive to background, systematic errors; complimentary to Minos, Nova • Lots to measure even if θ13=0 • Much other astrophysics and PDK too…. John G. Learned at DOANOW

  22. Hanohano Summary • Proposal for new portable, deep-ocean, 10 kiloton, liquid scintillation electron anti-neutrino detector. • Unique geophysics, particle physics and astrophysics, all at nuclear energies. • Program under active engineering, Monte Carlo simulations, and studies in laboratory and at sea. • Collaboration within a year, aimed at decade or more multi-disciplinary program between physics and geology. • Need to get White Paper written soon with science goalsand project outline, and get proposals submitted to NSF, aiming towards MREFC program. • It is a big program and we need your help! John G. Learned at DOANOW

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