Historical Understandings

1. Historical Understandings SS7H2—The student will analyze continuity and change in Southwest Asia leading to the 21st century.

2. a. Explain how European partitioning in the Middle East after the breakup of the Ottoman Empire led to regional conflict • The _______________ controlled much of the Middle East from the 1300s until the end of World War I. • The Ottoman Empire weakened because its leaders could not rule such a huge empire • When World War I started, the Ottoman Empire joined forces with _______________ and ________________.

3. a. Explain how European partitioning in the Middle East after the breakup of the Ottoman Empire led to regional conflict • The Ottoman Empire was divided up into smaller countries after World War I when their side lost the war.

4. European politicians divided up the Ottoman Empire without paying attention to ethnic groups or religious groups who were already living in the region.

5. a. Explain how European partitioning in the Middle East after the breakup of the Ottoman Empire led to regional conflict • The new boundaries that were drawn did not take into consideration the concept of _______________________ (the idea that countries are most successful if the people who live there share some common cultural, historic, or religious beliefs. • As a result, there has been a lot of _____________ in the Middle East.

6. a. Explain how European partitioning in the Middle East after the breakup of the Ottoman Empire led to regional conflict • What led to the end of the Ottoman Empire at the close of World War I? • Who drew up the boundaries of the new countries created from the Ottoman Empire at the end of World War I?

7. b. Explain the historical reasons for the establishment of the modern State of Israel in 1948; include the Jewish religious connections to the land, the Holocaust, anti-Semitism, and Zionism in Europe. • One of the areas created from the old Ottoman Empire at the end of World War I was ___________________. • Palestine was important to ________, _______________, and ____________ because this is where much of what is written in the Old Testament, New Testament, and Quran took place.

8. b. Explain the historical reasons for the establishment of the modern State of Israel in 1948; include the Jewish religious connections to the land, the Holocaust, anti-Semitism, and Zionism in Europe. • Before World War II, Palestine was divided into Transjordan (on the eastern bank of the Jordan River) and Palestine (on the west). • Most of the people living in Palestine before World War II were __________________ ___________. • However, since the late 1800s, large numbers of Jewish settlers began moving to Palestine.

9. b. Explain the historical reasons for the establishment of the modern State of Israel in 1948; include the Jewish religious connections to the land, the Holocaust, anti-Semitism, and Zionism in Europe. • Some of the Jewish settlers wanted to create a homeland for Jews in Palestine because they believed this land had been promised to them by _____________. • These groups were known as _____________ (those who felt the world’s Jews deserved to return to a homeland in Zion where the Jewish people lived in Biblical times)

10. b. Explain the historical reasons for the establishment of the modern State of Israel in 1948; include the Jewish religious connections to the land, the Holocaust, anti-Semitism, and Zionism in Europe. • ________________ began to break out between the settlers and the Palestinian Arabs as each group tried to hold onto the land.

11. b. Explain the historical reasons for the establishment of the modern State of Israel in 1948; include the Jewish religious connections to the land, the Holocaust, anti-Semitism, and Zionism in Europe. • During World War II, Jewish people suffered at the hands of the Nazi government in Germany. There was wide-spread ___________________ (hatred of Jews simply because they practice the Jewish faith). • Over 6 million Jews were killed in concentration camps during the _____________________.

12. b. Explain the historical reasons for the establishment of the modern State of Israel in 1948; include the Jewish religious connections to the land, the Holocaust, anti-Semitism, and Zionism in Europe. • Many countries felt great guilt over the Holocaust and believed something should be done for the Jewish people because of their suffering. • In 1948, the ____________ ____________ voted to create a homeland for the Jews in part of Palestine.

13. b. Explain the historical reasons for the establishment of the modern State of Israel in 1948; include the Jewish religious connections to the land, the Holocaust, anti-Semitism, and Zionism in Europe. • The Jews in Palestine accepted the offer from the United Nations and declared the creation of the State of ________________. • The Palestinian Arabs living in this area felt the United Nations had unfairly given their land away. • ________ broke out between the new state of Israel and the Palestinians. • Israel won the war and gained more land as a result.

14. b. Explain the historical reasons for the establishment of the modern State of Israel in 1948; include the Jewish religious connections to the land, the Holocaust, anti-Semitism, and Zionism in Europe. • 1. What was the Holocaust? • 2. Why did so many countries in the United Nations feel it was right to create Israel in 1948? • 3. What is Zionism?

15. b. Explain the historical reasons for the establishment of the modern State of Israel in 1948; include the Jewish religious connections to the land, the Holocaust, anti-Semitism, and Zionism in Europe. • 4. What world organization created the state of Israel in 1948 as a homeland for the Jews? • 5. How did Arabs living in Palestine in 1948 feel about the creation of the new state of Israel? • 6. When war broke out in Palestine, which countries joined with Palestinian Arabs against Israel?

16. c. Describe how land and religion are reasons for continuing conflicts in the Middle East. • In 1948, neighboring Arab countries helped the Palestinians fight a war against Israel. • Israel won the war and took over more land. • Many Palestinians became ______________ (people who leave their homes as a result of war).

17. c. Describe how land and religion are reasons for continuing conflicts in the Middle East. • Since 1948, there have been many conflicts between Israel and the Palestinians and many Palestinians still live in refugee camps or on land they believe should be a Palestinian state.

18. d. Explain the US presence and interest in Southwest Asia; include the Persian Gulf conflict, invasions of Afghanistan and Iraq. • The United States has had significant political and economic interests in Southwest Asia. • Vast supplies of ________ are found in this area which is critical to the US energy supplies. • The US supported the creation of the state of _____________ after World War II.

19. d. Explain the US presence and interest in Southwest Asia; include the Persian Gulf conflict, invasions of Afghanistan and Iraq. • In 1990, Iraq invaded the country of ____________ to control that country’s large oil supply. • The Iraqi leader, Saddam Hussein, claimed that Kuwait was taking more oil than they were allowed from shared oil fields.

20. d. Explain the US presence and interest in Southwest Asia; include the Persian Gulf conflict, invasions of Afghanistan and Iraq. • Kuwait appealed to the United Nations for help. • The United Nations will come to the aid of any member country that is attacked without cause by another country. • The United Nations voted to raise a military force to liberate Kuwait from the Iraqi invasion. This effort was known as the Persian Gulf War or Operation ____________ _________.

21. d. Explain the US presence and interest in Southwest Asia; include the Persian Gulf conflict, invasions of Afghanistan and Iraq. • The terrorist organization known as al-Qaeda was found to be responsible for the attacks on the World Trade Center and the Pentagon on September 11, 2001. • The US believed that the ___________ , the group of radical Muslims in control of the government in Afghanistan, allowed al-Qaeda members to hide in the mountains of their country. • In October 2001, the US launched a series of attacks on the mountain hideouts in an attempt to destroy al-Qaeda.

22. d. Explain the US presence and interest in Southwest Asia; include the Persian Gulf conflict, invasions of Afghanistan and Iraq. • In 2003 the United States launched an invasion of Iraq after claiming that Iraq was developing nuclear weapons and offering aid to terrorist groups like al-Qaeda. • This military action was called Operation __________ _____________. • The government of Saddam Hussein collapsed quickly and the US has tried to reorganize the Iraqi government.

23. d. Explain the US presence and interest in Southwest Asia; include the Persian Gulf conflict, invasions of Afghanistan and Iraq. • 1. What is the United States’ main economic interest in Southwest Asia? • 2. Why did the United Nations try to stop Iraq from taking over Kuwait in 1990? • 3. Who are the Taliban?

24. d. Explain the US presence and interest in Southwest Asia; include the Persian Gulf conflict, invasions of Afghanistan and Iraq. • 4. Why did the United States bomb and invade Afghanistan in 2001? • 5. Why did the United States go to war against Iraq in 2003?