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EfS Grammar VIII: If…

EfS Grammar VIII: If…. Two very different types of sentences that can be made with "if": hypotheses, and causes-and-effects. Hypotheticals.

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EfS Grammar VIII: If…

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  1. EfS Grammar VIII:If… Two very different types of sentences that can be made with "if":hypotheses, andcauses-and-effects.

  2. Hypotheticals H1 (future): "If the deal goes through, Dr Smith will step down."H2 (present): "If a nuclear accident occurred [i.e. now], millions of people would die." H3 (past): "If it had not rained, we would have gone out." Tense RulesT1: If present tense, will-futureT2: If past simple, would+ infinitiveT3: If past perfect, would have + past participle

  3. Reported Speech "If the deal goes through, he will…"He said if the deal went through, he would…Present hypothetical (H2/T2) "If an accident occurred, it would…"He said if an accident had occurred, it would have…Past hypothetical (H3/T3)

  4. Causals (present) "W. would be in office if he was white."= W. is not white. He is not electible.= He is not electible because he is not white. Rearrangement Rule RAny sentence of the formA because B (present)can be rearranged to formIf not B (then) not A (C1)with the tenses according to T2 (past simple, would + infintive)

  5. Causals (past) "If the goods had been delivered, they would have been sold."The goods were not delivered. They were not sold. (Because…) R applies:A because B (past) ≡If not B (then) not A (C2)Tenses follow T3

  6. Exercise Rules Hypothesis or Cause-and-Effect? If hypothesisH1 (T1), H2 (T2), H3 (T3) If cause-and-effect make a sentence with "because"; rearrange according to R; check tenses C1 (T2), C2 (T3).

  7. Ambiguous Interpretations "There would be a better balance if the pound joined the EMS."Hypothetical (H1):The pound could join the EMS and then…Causal (C1):The balance is not good because… "If we knew the trios better, we could understand the quartetts."

  8. Corpus These examples and more in full and in their original context: http://englishforscience.shorturl.comClick on "Preliminary If-Corpus" (General Resources and Investigations for Technical English)

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