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Multilingualism for all: European Language Policy & Frisian Language Planning

Multilingualism for all: European Language Policy & Frisian Language Planning. Language Vitality – Multilingualism and Language Planning September 17, 2012 Alex RIEMERSMA Mercator European Research Centre on Multilingualism and Language Learning www.mercator-research.eu.

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Multilingualism for all: European Language Policy & Frisian Language Planning

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  1. Multilingualism for all: European Language Policy & Frisian Language Planning Language Vitality – Multilingualismand Language Planning September 17, 2012 Alex RIEMERSMA Mercator European Research Centre on Multilingualismand Language Learning www.mercator-research.eu

  2. Overview of presentation • - LinguisticDiversity • - Scope of European Language Policies • - Language Vitality • - Frisian in Education • - Language Policies & Planning

  3. Linguistic Diversity • Globe: 6,000 Languages (in oral use) • 600 à 700 Languages with basic infrastructure: Orthography, Dictionary, Grammar Book • 475 Languages with complete Bible translation +1,240 languages with New Testament +823 languages with (small) part of Bible

  4. Linguistic Diversity • United Nations (195 member states): 6 working languages • Council of Europe (47 member states):6 working languages> numerous minority languages • European Union (27 member states):23 official languages> 60 Regional and Minority Languages > 175 Immigrant Languages

  5. Kaart fan NOS

  6. Language versus Dialect • Linguistic Distance in terms of:vocabulary, phonology, morphology, syntax • Language infrastructure such as:legislation, provisions, organisation • Language planning:Corpus planningStatus planningPlanning of Transmission / Education

  7. Unesco Language Vitality (2003)

  8. What makes Frisian / Valenciana vital language ?

  9. Language Vitality Planning • Balance of community language will and infrastructure / programmes on: • Corpus planning / standardisation • Status planning / legislation • Language transmission / learning

  10. Fryske Akademy – 1938

  11. Wurdboek - Dictionary

  12. Fryske Akademy / Linguistics • Language Databases • Scientific Dictionary Frysk – Dutch • Standardisation: orthographyandgrammar • Frysk-Fryskdictionary = Frisianmonolingualdictionary • Survey on Frisianlanguage

  13. Frisian Language Vitality • Language command of all 640.00 inhabitants province of Fryslân: • 94 % Understanding • 74 % Speaking • 65 % Reading • 26 % Writing------------------------------------------------- • 54 % Frisian Mother tongue (350.000)

  14. Frisian in Education • Pre-school: > 100 Frisian medium & bilingual provisions • Primary school: obligatory subject> 100 schools use “clil” > 43 trilingual schools: integrated Dutch, Frisian & English • Secondary education: obligatory subject; optional exam subject

  15. Frisian in Education • Secondary education: obligatory subject optional exam subjectconcept of multilingual clil • Teacher training (pabo): additional special courses (7 ECTS; 9 ECTS) • Teacher training (secondary): regular bachelor & master training

  16. Frisian in Education • Development from transitional bilingualism > “full bilingualism, biliteracy” (Fishman) • Results:awareness and language attitudeequal command Dutchmuch better command Frisian self confidence in English

  17. EU Language Policies • EU shall respect LinguisticDiversity: “alllanguages are equalandequallytreated” • 23 official languages, but in fact …3, 2 or 1 workinglanguage • Education: Mother tongue + two,but in factnationallanguage + one

  18. EU Language Policy • EU programs in favour of English • Principle of “subsidiarity” is in favour of national languages • Process of “mainstreaming”prevents EU Language Policy & discourages vitality of RMLs & IMLs

  19. RML + IML citizens in EU • > 10% of EU population = • 45 – 50 million plurilingual people • Present in all member states = • Multilingual societies >>> • Co-responsibility for language planning • of EU/Coe, national and regional level

  20. Charter for Regional and Minority Languages (CoE / 1998) • 25 ratifications (< 47 CoE member states) • 13 ratifications (< 27 EU member states) • Key words: To protect and to promote • Part II: General objectives:Non-discriminationright on language transmission

  21. Charter for Regional and Minority Languages (CoE / 1998) • Part III: Menu-system of undertakings in the Domains: education (pre-school … higher education) justice / public services / media / culture / economic and social life /cross border exchanges

  22. EU Language Policy • EU shall respect … linguistic diversity • European Charter for Regional and Minority Languages of the Council of Europe (1998) used as entry exam for new EU member states (2004; 2007)

  23. Unesco Language Vitality (2003)

  24. Language Vitality factors (6) • Intergenerational transmission • Absolute number of speakers • Proportion of speakers within total population • Trends in existing domains • Response to new domains & media • Materials for Education and Literacy

  25. Language Vitality factors (3) • Governmental and Institutional Language Attitudes & Politics • Community Member’s Attitudes towards their own languages • Documentation (& corpus planning)

  26. Degrees of Endangerment • 5: safe The language is used by all ages, from children up. • 4: unsafe The language is used by some children in all domains; it is used by all children in limited domains. • 3: definitively endangered The language is used mostly by the parental generation and up. • 2: severely endangered The language is used mostly by the grandparental generation and up. • 1: critically endangered The language is used mostly by very few speakers, of great-grandparental generation. • 0: extinct There exists no speaker.

  27. Language Vitality Planning • Balance of community language will and infrastructure / programmes on: • Corpus planning / standardisation • Status planning / legislation • Language transmission / learning

  28. EU Parliament Resolutions • 1981 Arfé > EBLUL 1982 – 2006 • 1983 Jaak Vandenmeulenbroecke) > earmarked budget line € 1,2 million • 1987 Willy Kuijpers > Mercator project (1987-2006) 3 partners (80 % funding) • 2004 Michael Ebner > EU Agency onLinguistic Diversity (failed)

  29. EU Commission Actions • Budget line for EBLUL 1982 – 2006; • Budget line for Mercator project (1987-2006) 3 partners • Action Programme (2004-2006) • 2001: European Year of Languages • 2005: Feasibility Study > Networks

  30. EU Commission Actions • 2007: High Level Group Multilingualism+ on line consultation • 2008: EU Communication • 2008: Amin Maalouf Report A Rewarding Challenge (adoptive language) • 2011: Civil Society Platform on Multilingualism

  31. EU funded Networks • 2008-2011: Network to Promote Linguistic Diversity (NPLD): 11 regional authorities & 16 NGO’s • 2009-2011: Mercator Network • 2009-2011: RML2future • 2010-2012: European Network of Universities on Multilingualism (EUNoM)

  32. Coherent EU Language Policy • Legal base / treaty partner to European Charter for RML • Vitality & empowerment of all languages • Co-responsibility in stead of “subsidiarity” • Incentive to inclusiveness of RML / IML • Partnership to permanent networks of stakeholders for regular strategic review

  33. EU fitting Programmes • Linguistic Diversity as a priority • Co-operation between EU and the Council of Europe & ECML (= European Centre for Modern Languages in Graz) • National EU Agencies to raise awareness and assist endangered language communities to apply

  34. Research Agenda • Eurobarometer on Languagestoinclude:Mother tongue + father tongue • Multilingualeducation: continuity & common standards • Media >>> Social media • PlurilingualLiteracy

  35. Application of CoE instruments • Common European Framework of Reference (CEFR): - can do – statements for L1, L2, Lf - parallel assessments of L1, L2, Lf • European Language Portfolio:- electronic - plurilingual approach

  36. Common Standards Education • Mercator Analysis & Recommendations (2007):- Informed choice & access- Educational goals- Teaching time (subject & medium) - Teaching materials- Teacher training- Inspectorate

  37. Plurilingual Teacher Training • Subject & medium • Continuity of teaching & learning • School as centres of excellence • Plurilingual language pedagogy • Minor (30 ECTS) in bachelor • Master (60 ECTS) on Multilingualism and multilingual education

  38. Tankewol • Eskerrik asko • Köszönöm • Grazia • Mercé plan • Dankscheen • Graciis • Kiitos • Diolch • Dz'akuju so • Hvala • Merci • Mange Takk • Trugarez • Multumesc

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