Greek Mythology and Greek Mythology and Modern Medicine Modern Medicine

1. Greek Mythology and Greek Mythology and Modern Medicine Modern Medicine 醫學系醫學人文教育學科 醫學系醫學人文教育學科 呂佩穎教授 呂佩穎教授

2. Modern Greece Ancient Greece

3. Mt. Olympus Borghese Gallery, Rome

4. Symbol of Medicine? one serpent or two serpents

5. Rod of Asclepius  Asclepius is the God of Medicine; Athena gave him a potion made from the blood of the Gorgon. If the blood was taken from the right side of the Gorgon, it was able to bring the dead back to life; otherwise, it was a deadly poison.  The main attribute of Asclepius is a physician's rod with a snake wrapped around it, which survives to this day as the symbol of medical profession.

6. Caduceus The caduseus is a short herald’s staff entwined by two serpents surmounted by wings. This staff first was borne by Iris, the messenger of Hera. It also was called the wand of Hermes, the messenger of the gods, when he superseded Iris in much later myths.

7. Hermes The gods' messenger and protector of the travelers; son of Zeus and Titan Atlas’ daughter Maia. He was pictured with winged sandals, a winged hat and a magic wand.

8. Confusion between Rod of Asclepius/ The caduceus The caduceus is sometimes used as a symbol for medicine, especially in North America, though confusion with the traditional medical symbol, the rod of Asclepius Attempts have been made to argue if the caduceus is appropriate as a symbol of medicine.

9. A 1992 survey of American health organizations found that 62% of professional associations used the rod of Asclepius, whereas in commercial organizations, 76% used the caduceus。 (Friedlander, Walter J. The Golden Wand of Medicine: A History of the Caduceus symbol in medicine)

10. Association of American Medical Colleges KMU hospital The U.S. Army Medical Corps

11. True Story is ….  In fact, the double serpent-entwined staff with wings has a modern origin -- the printer’s mark of a popular 19thcentury medical publisher, instead of the ancient caduceus of Hermes.  This modern caduceus became a popular medical symbol only after its adoption by the U.S. Army MedicalCorps at the beginning of the 20th century.

12. Which one is more correct ? The misunderstandingof ancient mythology and iconography then led to theinappropriate popularization of the modern caduceus as a medicalsymbol. (Annals of Internal Medicine, Vol.138 Issue p673-677, The Symbol of Modern Medicine: Why One Snake Is More Than Two)

13. Atlas One of the Titans, the personification of endurance. He led the Titans in a rebellion against Zeus and was condemned to bear the heavens upon his shoulders. He was also said to have been appointed guardian of the pillars which held earth and sky. His name is now used to describe….

14. Human Atlases the first vertebra of the neck

15. Greek Mythology and Medical and Psychiatric Greek Mythology and Medical and Psychiatric Terminology Terminology Many terms in modern psychiatry, medicine and related disciplines originate from Greek mythology Related disciplines include pathology, schizophrenia, ophthalmology, gynecology, anatomy, pharmacology, biology, hepatology, homeopathy, allopathy, etc.

16. The Golden Apple

17. Aphrodite (Venus) Aphrodite (Venus) Goddess of beauty, daughter of Diana and Jupiter sprang from the foam of the sea at Cyprus, married to Hephaestus and had many affairs Sandro Botticelli Uffizi Gallery

18.  aphrod aphrodi isiacs an agent (as a food or drug) that arouses or is held to arouse sexual desire siacs  ven vene ereal diseases real diseases a contagious disease that is typically acquired in sexual intercourse Venus de Milo Musée du Louvre, Paris

19. Hymen Hymen • Son of Dionysus and Aphrodite • God of marriage

20. hymen hymen the piece of elastic membrane to the entrance to the vagina

21. Eros Eros Son of Aphrodite, who had forbidden him to see mortal girls, yet he started seeing Psyche in the dark while not allowing her to see his face or ask his name; when she disobeyed him and lit a lamp, Eros fled away. ‘ love in Greek

22. Erotic Erotic 1. tending to arouse sexual love or desire 2. strongly affected by sexual desire Erotomania? Erotomania? a psychological disorder marked by the delusional belief that one is the object of another person's love or sexual desire

23. Psyche Psyche  ‘soul’ in Greek  a mortal girl; after Eros fled away, she wandered long in search of him, and they eventually united and she became immortal. Cupid and Psyche (Amour et Psyche) Antonio Canova (1757-1822/Italian) Marble Sculpture Musée du Louvre, Paris

24. psychiatry psychiatry a branch of medicine that deals with mental, emotional, or behavioral disorders psychology psychology the science of mind and behavior

25. The Marriage of Cupid and Psyche…. Love + Soul Love + Soul

26. Narcissus Extremely proud of his beauty and indifferent to the emotions of those who fell in love with him; cursed by a goddess to feel what it is to love and get nothing in return and then fell in love with his own image. Every time he tried to embrace his own image, it disappeared without saying a word; he then died and was turned into a flower.

27. narcissism narcissism extreme self-love based on an idealized self-image

28. Hermaphroditus Hermaphroditus Son of Aphrodite. The nymph Salmacis fell in love with him and tried to embrace him when he plunged into the lake of Salmacis. Yet he didn’t like it and tried to push her away. She then prayed to gods to cause their bodies never to be separated, which eventually happened.

29. Hermaphroditus Hermaphroditus

30. hermaphrod hermaphrodi ite an animal or plant having both male and female reproductive organs te

31. Echo Echo She deceived Juno, who then passed a sentence upon her only to be able to repeat the last words of others talking to; fell in love with Narcissus but was unable to express her feelings.

32.  echolalia echolalia almost automatic repetition of words or phrases heard  echopraxia echopraxia involuntary mimicking of another’s movements

33. Phobos Phobos  ‘Fear’ in Greek  officially the son of Aphrodite and Hephaestus, but was actually the son of Ares, the god of war Phobus, god of fear, Greco-Roman mosaic from Halicarnassus C4th A.D., British Museum

34.  phobias phobias illogical fear of a particular object, class of objects, or situation homophobia ? homophobia ? irrational fear of homosexuality hydrophobia ? hydrophobia ? fear of water

35. Mania Personification of madness  egomania egomania obsessive preoccupation with the self  pyromania pyromania an irresistible impulse to start fires

36. Hyg Hyge eia ia ‘Health’ in Greek Daughter of the famous physician Asclepius, god of medicine

37. hygiene hygiene science of establishment and maintenance of health hygienic (adj.) hygienic (adj.)

38. Satyrs Satyrs Half men and half goats, infamous for their lasciviousness and sexual appetite.

39. satyr satyri iasis obsessive insatiable desire for sexual gratification asis

40. Syrinx (middle) a beautiful nymph turned into a tuft of reeds when the satyr Pan tried to rape her; he then made the reed into a flute

41. syringe syringe a device used to inject fluids into or withdraw them from something  syringitis (ˌsɪrɪnˈdʒaɪtɪs) inflammation of the auditory tube

42. Priapus God of reproductive power and fertility and was later regarded as the chief deity of lasciviousness

43. priapism priapism an abnormal often painful persistent erection of the penis

44. Sappho Sappho  A poetess in 6thBC who wrote lyrical poems about sex and love, probably between women; lived on the island of Lesbos, a Greek Island located in the northeastern Aegean sea.

45. lesbianism; sapphism lesbianism; sapphism female homosexuality

46. Family Tree of Nyx Hypnus (Sleep) Geras (Old Age) Thanatos (Death) Morpheus Nyx (Night) …

47. Hypnus Hypnus  ‘Sleep’ in Greek  Probably the son of Nyx (Night) and Erebus and twin brother of Thanatos (Death); resided in Erebos, the land of eternal darkness, beyond the gates of the rising sun

48. hypnosis hypnosis a mental state that resembles sleep induced by a person whose suggestions are readily accepted by the subject hypnagogic phenomena hypnagogic phenomena episodes of seeing and hearing things as one is falling asleep

49. Geras Geras God of old age; son of Nyx (Night); may be seen at the entrance of the underworld

50. geriatric medicine geriatric medicine a branch of medicine that deals with the problems and diseases of old age and aging people