Milk Protein Production

1. Milk Protein Production

2. Central Dogma of Molecular Biology DNA Promoter Exon 1 Intron 1 Exon 2 Intron 2 Exon 3 Transcription AATAAA Unspliced RNA Exon 1 Intron 1 Exon 2 Intron 2 Exon 3 AAAAAAAAAAAA AATAAA Spliced mRNA Exon 1 Exon 2 Exon 3 AAAAAAAAAAAA Translation AATAAA Pre-Protein Signal Peptide Mature Protein Protein Mature Protein

3. Gene and RNA Structure

4. Bovine Beta-Casein Gene Part 1 TCGAATCCATCTCTATCAATTAATGTAATTCAAAATTGGTGAGAGACAGTCATTAGGAAATTCTCTGTTTATTGCACAATATGTAAAGCATCTTCCTGAGAAAAGGGAAATGTTGAATGGGAAGGACATGCTTTCTTTTGTATTCCTTTTCTCAGAAATCACACTTTTTTGCCTGTGGCCTTGGCAACCAAAAGCTAACACATAAAGAAAGGCATATGAAGTAGCCAAGGCCTTTTCTAGTTATATCTATGACACTGAGTTCATTTCATCATTTATTTTCCTGACTTCCTCCTGGGCCATATGAGCAGTCTTAGAATGAATATTAGCTGAATAATCCAAATGCATAGTAGATGTTGATTTGGGTTTTCTAAGCAATACAAGACTTCTATGACAGTGAGATGTATTACCATCCAACACACATCTCAGCATGATATAAATGTAAGGTATATTGTGAAGAAAAATTATCAATTATGTCAAAGTGCTTACTTTAGAAGATCATCTATCTGTCCCAAAGCTGTGAATATATATATTGAACATAATTAATAGACGAAACAAACCTTGTAAAAATGAGTAGTGTAAAATACAACTACATTTATGAACATCTATCACTAAAGAGGCAAAGAAAGTTGAGGACTGCTTTTGTAAATGGGCTCTTATTAATGAAAAGTACTTTTGAGGTCTGGCTTAGACTCTATTGTAGTACTTATGGTAAGACCCTCCTCTTGTCTGGGCTTTCATTTTCTTTCTTCCTTCCCTCATTTGCCCTTCCATGAATACTAGCTGATAAACATTGACTCACTATAAAAGATATGAGGCCAAACTTGAGCTGTCCATTTTAATAAATCTGTATAAATAATATTTGTTCTACAGAAGTATCTCTAAATAAATGTACTTTCTCTCTTAAAATCCCTCAACAAATCCCCACTATCTAGAGAATAAGATTGACATTCCCTGGAGTCACAGCATGCTTTGTCTGCCATTATCTGACCCCTTTCTCTTTCTCTCTTCTCACCTCCATCTACTCCTTTTTCCTTGCAATACATGACCCAGATTCACTGTTTGATTTGGCTTGCATGTGTGTGTGCTGAGTTGTGTCTCACTCTTGTCAACCCCATGAATGACAGTCCACCAGGCTCCACTATTTCCAGTTAAGAATACTGGAGTGGATTGTGTTTCCTACTTCATTTGATTAATTTAGTGACTTTTTAAATTTTTTTCCATATTCAGGAGGCTATTCTTTCCTTTTAGTCTATACTGTCTTCGCTCTTCAGGTCTAAGCTATCATCATGTGCTTGTTAGCTTGTTTCTTTCTCCATTATAGCATAAACACTAACAACTATTCAGGTTAGCATGAGATTGTGTTCTTTGTGTGGCCTGTGTATTTCTGGTGTGTATTAGAATTTACCCCAAGATCTCAAAGACCCACCGAATACTAAAGAGACCTCATTGTAGTTACAATAATTTGGGGACTGGGCCAAAACTTCCGTGTGTCCCAGCCAAGGTCTGTAGCTACTGGACAATTTAATTTCCTTTATCAGATTGTGAATTATTCCCTTTAAAATGCTCCCCAGAATTTTTGGGGACAGAAAAATAGGAAGAATTCATTTTCTAATCATGCAGATTTCTAGGAATTCAAATCCACTATTGGTTTTATTTCAAACCACAAAATTAGCATGCCATTAAATACTATATATAAACAACCACAAAATCAGATCATTATCCATTCAGCTCCTCCTTCACTTCTTGTCCTCTACTTTGGAAAAAAGGTAAGAATCTCAGATATAATTTCATTGTATCTGCTACTCATCTTTATTTCAGACTAGGTTAAAATGTAGAAAGAACATAATTGCTTAAAATAGATCTTAAAAATAAGGATGTTTAAGATAAAGTTTACAGTATTTTCAGCAAATTTGTTAAAAAATAGAAGCAACTATAAAGATTTGTAACAGTGGTTGCTATTTTCTTTACCACGAGACTAGTTAACAGGCTGTATTAAAAGATCTTTTCTTGAATTAAATATTTTCAATTTGATTAAACATACCTCAGCCATAAAGGCAAGCACATTTAATTTATACTATGGGAATTTGAATAATTGTTACTGAAGAAGCTCTACCAACAAAAAGTTTATAGAGCTAGCATATTTAGTCAAGAGATAAAGAGGGTTGTTAGGATACATGTGCTATTTGAAAGGTATTTATAAAAGAAGAGTATATTTATTAAAATTGCTCAGAACATCCAAATTTCAAGTTTATCATTTATCTTACAATATTTCAAAAATATTAAAATAGATACATGAAATACAGAAGTAAATTAAAGAGAAAGTATTTTATTTTGTAAAAAAAAATTCTAGGTTGGACAGGGAGTACCAGGAAACAAAAAACAATGAAAAATGTGATCTGACAGAAATTATAGCTCAAAGTATAGTAGTCAGTAATGAAATGGCTTAAAAATTGGCATATAAAATGCTAATTATAAAATAAACAAAATGTAATAATACCCTCCCTACATGTAATGAACTCTGAGTATTATACTCTTTTTTGAAGTCTTGACAATGAAAATTTATTTAGACTTTTATAGACATCTTGGATAAAGTAAAACAAATTACGAATTAGCATCCATGAGAAAAATATAGAAAAATTTCTTAATGTAGTTTGCAAATCTGGGGATTGAAGATGTGTGTCAAGAGATTGTGATGGCAGACATTTTTTTTCAGACTATAAAATGCACAAACAACCATTTAATACATTTTGGTCAAAAATAGTATGTATTTTATTTTATGCTACAGGAGAGTAGTCTAAAGTAGGACTGGGCAGAGATCTGACACCCTGGTAATCACCGAGAGATAGTACACAGTCTCTGTAGAGAAAATAAGCATAGTGTATGATCTCTAAAATTATGTGGACAAAGGGGAGATAACATTAGGCATGTGGGGATGAAGACTGAGTACAGAAGAACAATCTAGTCAGTCCAAGAAAACATGTGGATCAATGGAACAAATAGAAGAAATGCTAAAATGAAACAGAAGTCTTACTGGAAATAAAAGATATGAGGAAGACAAACATTCATGAAAATCACTTAGTTTAGTAGAGAAAAGATAAAAATAAAGTATTACCTTCTTCTTCATATACATTGTTTGATCAGATGCCCCTCAATAAAACTGAGTCTCCAACAGAACTGAAACTTTAATATTTTGTTCACTGCTCTAATCCCAGAATCTAAGACATATCTGGCAATAAAAATTAATAAATAAATATTTTTAATAAGTAAATCAATCACTTAATTTTTCTGTAAGTATCTGTAACTTCTCTTCTGTCTTTCCAAAAAACACTCATAAGTACTGTGAATAAGATGAAAAGAGTGAAATAAGATATAGGCTGTTAGCTGAAAACATCTGGATGGCTGGCAGTGAAACATTAACTTGAAATGTAAGATTAATGAGTAATAGTAAATTTTAACCTTGGCCGTATGATAAAATGTCTATTAATATTTTTCTAAAATACAGGGCTTTTTGTTTTTGCCATGAGGTTTGCAGGATCTTGGTTCCCTGATGAGGGATCAAACCTGGGCTCCCCTGGAAGCACGGAGTCTTAGATATTTGTATTATACACTATCTTTGGTTTCTTTTAAAGGGAAGTAATTCTACTTAAATAAGAAAATAGATTGACAAGTAATACACTATTTCCTCATCTTCCCATTCCCAGGAATTGAGAGCCATGAAGGTCCTCATCCTTGCCTGCCTGGTGGCTCTGGCCCTTGCAAGAGAGGTAAATACAGAAAAAATGTTGAAATAAATAAGACTAGTACTATCTGCTATGTGTAGAAAATTCATTACCAACATTGTAAATGTATAAATAATGCACAATCTCAGATTTTTTTTGAATGCTAAGAAAGTCATTTACGTTCATCCACTATCTCAGTAGTATCCTATGGGACCACAAGTCTGAGTCTAGTGCTTTCTATAGTATTGTACCATCTGTACCATCAATCCCTAAAGAAAAAAGAAAATAAACCAATAAGCAACAGACTAACAAGAAGGAACACAGATAAGAACAAAAAGTGAGTAATATTGCATAAATACAATTGCATGCATATACAATCTAGATAAATATATCTTATTCCAGTGATGAAATATTTGTATCCCTTACTGTAGAGTGCTAGGTTTAGCTGTGTCTATTCAACACAGGATGATACTCCAGAGGATGGTATATCAGACAACAATAATAAATATGTTCATAATTATAATAAAAAGTGTTCAGTAAAAATTAAAATAACTCCTTTTCTGTTACCCATAAAAACTCTTCATTAAAGTAAAACAAAAATATACTAATGAAAGTTACTAAATTTAAAAGACTCTCAAAAGACATATAACATTTTTATTTTTCAGATTTGTGAAATAGATAGCTCTGAATAAAGCAAGTAAAAATTAGGTAGGAAAATATTTAATAATGAGTTGACTGTGGGAACTAAAGTGTTTTTTTTTCTCTTTAGCTGGAAGAACTCAATGTACCTGGTGAGGTAAGATATTTTTATACAAAGAAAAAAATTAATTTAACTGTAAAATAGTAACAGTCTCTAATGATCTGGCAGAAGACTCAGCTAATTGTCAATTTTTATTTTTCCTTTATAGATTGTGGAAAGCCTTTCAAGCAGTGAGGTAAGATAGTGTTCATTCAGAGGCAATTTCCCAAATTTAGAGCAATAAAATGCTGTATTATCTTTTTGTGTTAC

5. Bovine Beta-Casein Gene Part 2 ATTAATGGCAACCCACTCCAGTATTCTTGCCTGGAAAATCCCATAGAGGAGGAGCCTGGTAGGCTGCAGTCCACGGGGTCGCTAAGAGTCGGACAGGACTGAGCGACTTCCCTTTCACTTTTCACTTTCATGCCTTGGAGAAGGAAATGGCAACCCACTCCAGTTTTCTTGCCGGGAGAATCCCAGGGACGGGGGAGCCTGGTGGGCTGCCGTCTATGGGGGTCGCACAGAGTTGGACACGACTGAAGCGACTTAGCAGTAGCAGCAGCAGGACAGTTAAGGTTTCTCTAATAGCTCAGTTGGTAAAGAATCTGCCTGCAGTGCAGGAGGACCCTGGGTTCGATTCCTCAAGATCTGCAGGAGAAGGGATAGGCTACCCATTCCAGTGTTCTTTAAGCCAATGTGGCTATGTACTGACGGGTAACTATTGTCAATTTCCACTCTGTATATTTAAAGGAATAAATGTGTAGAAGGTTTAATATTCTAGTAATTTCTAAATGGGTTTGTTATTTGAAATTGTGTCATTGTGCCCTGCTTTTTTTCCTTAATGAACTGTACAGTCCTCTTTTCTGTCTTGAACTTTCTATGTTAACCTCCTTCCATGCTTTGGCATTTATTGAGCACTTTCTGTTTCAGACTTTGACTAGGAACTGCAGTACAAACTAGAAAGAGGGATGCCCTTTGTAAAGTGTGAGCAGACATGCAAATGGACATATTTTATTATTATACAAGCAATCCAGTACACAAGAGGCAGTGAGAATGAGTGTAGTCCTAAATCTGCCTGGTGGAATGAGGTAGATAATAACCCTATGCCACTCTTTTTGGCTCTGTCATCAGCTGTTGGTTAAATAGTGCATCAATATACTTTGTCTCTTCACAAAGGTCAAAAGATGCTGCTGCTGCTGCTAAGTCGCTTCAGTCATGTCCGACTCTGTGCGACCTCATAGATGGCAGCCTGCCAGGCTCCCCCATCCCTGGGATTCTCCAGGCAAGAATACTGGAGTGGGTTGCCATTTCCTATTCCAATGCATAAAAGTGAAAAGTGAAAGTGAAGTCGCTCAGTCGTGTCCGACTCCTAGTGACCCCGTGGACTGCAGCCTACCAGGCTCCTCCATCCATGGGATTTTCCAGGCAAGAGTACTGGAGTGGGTTGCCATTGCCATCTCCAAAGATCCTTATAGGAGGGTATGTATTTCTTATAATTCATTAGAAGCCTAAACATAACCAGGGAACTAAGAATGATTAACAAGTTCATGCGTGGTTATTATTATATATTTTCAATGACTATTATTCTTTTAGAACCAGATGAAAATATTAGAGATCATTTGTTGTCCTAAGGAGAGAACAGGATGATTGAGAGACATGTATGCATGCAAAGTTACTTCAGCCCTTTCCAACTCTGTATGACCCTATGGACTGTAACCTGCCAGGTTCCTCTGTCTATGGGATTCTCCAGGCAAGAATACAGGAGTGGGTTGTCATCTCCTCCAGGGCCTAGGAATTGACCTGCATCTCTTACGTCTCCTGCATTGGCAGGCAGGTTCTTTACCACTAGCACCACCTGGAAGCCCGATTAGTATCTGTTAAATGCCTCTTTGAGTACTATGCTCTCTAATCCTCTTTTTCTTGATTGCATCATCTTTCTTTTTATACAACAGCCTTATTCAGAAGAGTGGAACATAAACTTTCAGCCATAAAATAATGATATTATCAAATGAGCTGTCCATATTAATCTATTAAATTTCTTCATTTTCTGATTTATGTTGACAAATAAGAATTTTTTTTAAAGCTAGACCTGATTTTATTTTTATTTTTCCAAAGGAATCTATTACACGCATCAATAAGGTAAAACCCCTCATATTTAAATGTACATTTTTTTAAATTTCATGTTTGATTTTTATAAACAGCATTTCTTTATGTATTTTTTTTTTAACCAGAAAATTGAGAAGTTTCAGAGTGAGGAACAGCAGCAAACAGAGGTAATTTGTTCACTATGAGTATATTTTGAGAAGTATTATGAAACATAACACATAAAAAGATTTATAATAATTATGTTCAGTCTAAGAATGGTAATATAAATGTCAGTGCAAGAAATAAAAACTTTGACAAAATGAAAATATTTTAAAAATATAAACGCATTTTAAAACACATAATCAAATTTCACAGTATAGAATAAATAGCTAAGAATAATTATTGATGTATTCATTTTACTAATGGTATACCTGGTTTTAATAACTGCATATTAGTAGGAACATTTCCAGACTAGGGACTGTGATCCCCTTATTCTAATGATGGATATGCTGATGAAAGACAGTAGGGTGACAGTGTGGCACTAATCCTCATCTGATCATTTATCAGCTGTATAACCTTGGCTCCATGTTTCTCTGTACATCATTTTCTTCACCTGTAAATTGAGAATATTCATAATTACCCAGAGTTGATGAACTGACACACAATGAATATTCAGTGGTTTTATATTATATTTGATAGCTTTTATACTCACATTTATGGATGTGTGGAGTTCTAAAAAGTATTTCCATTGCCCAGATGAGAGAAGTGAGGTACAGGACAATTGAGTATGCAAATGTGTGACCATACCACATAGTTATTAAATAGCAGAACTTGCTTAAAAACAAGGATTTGCGGACAATGTAAAATTCTTTCATTATATTACTCTTGTGGTAACATATTTATCTAATTATGATATTTAAGCTTTCCTCTTTTATAATTGAAGTTTGATTGTTTGGCACTTAGGCCAAATTCTAAATCAAAATGAATTTACAACTTGATGCCTTTGAAGACTCAAGATTACCACCTTCTACCAAGAGAAGTAGTGCTAGAAGTTGGCCATTGTTAAGGAACTCCTTGAATTAAAAAAACACATATTAAGACTTAGTTTTCATTAAAACAAACAAAAATAAACCTCAGAGTAACTTTTAAAGTCTTTTTAAAATGGATCTTTCTTTGTTATATGAAACCAGTTTGGACTATTATCCAAAGTATGTAGCTACCACTCTGCAGGAACTCAGGAAGAGGTGGAATAAGTGTTGAAATCTCCAAACCCTGATTTCACTTGACTCTCTGATTTCACCTGTGAAGAAAGTGGGTTAATGAGAAATCCTTCAGTGAGCATTTTACTCATTAGTCTTCATATGACCCCAATTTCTTAACCAAACCAAATGGAAGATTTTCTTTCTCTCTCTTCACTGAATTATGTTTTAAAAAGAGGAGGATAATTCATCATGAATAACAATTATAACTGGATTATGGACTCAAAGATTTGTTTTCCTTCTTTCCAGGATGAACTCCAGGATAAAATCCACCCCTTTGCCCAGACACAGTCTCTAGTCTATCCCTTCCCTGGACCCATCCATAACAGCCTCCCACAAAACATCCCTCCTCTTACTCAAACCCCTGTGGTGGTGCCGCCTTTCCTTCAGCCTGAAGTAATGGGAGTCTCCAAAGTGAAGGAGGCTATGGCTCCTAAGCACAAAGAAATGCCCTTCCCTAAATATCCAGTTGAGCCCTTTACTGAAAGCCAGAGCCTGACTCTCACTGATGTTGAAAATCTGCACCTTCCTCTGCCTCTGCTCCAGTCTTGGATGCACCAGCCTCACCAGCCTCTTCCTCCAACTGTCATGTTTCCTCCTCAGTCCGTGCTGTCCCTTTCTCAGTCCAAAGTCCTGCCTGTTCCCCAGAAAGCAGTGCCCTATCCCCAGAGAGATATGCCCATTCAGGCCTTTCTGCTGTACCAGGAGCCTGTACTCGGTCCTGTCCGGGGACCCTTCCCTATTATTGTAAGTCTAAATTTACTAACTGTGCCTGTTTAACTTCTGATGTTTGTATGATATTCGAGTAATTAAGAGTCCTATAAAAAAATGAATAATGAATGGTTCCAAAATAAGCATAGCTGAGATTAATGATTGTCAGCATTAGTTATAAATAGAATAAGCTGGAGAACCTTCACCTCCCCTCCACCACCAGATCTCAATGTCTAGGCTTACCCGTGGAGATTCTGATGTAATTGTTCTTTCTATGTAGAAGAAACTTATTGGGAAGAAATAATATAATGGACTATGATTTAATTGGTCTGTTGAGAACCAATTAAATTAGATGAAAGCGATTAAGTACAATAAAGCCAAAATTGAATTTGATAATCTCATTTGGCTAAGAATAACAAACCTAAGAAGGTTTGCTATTTTCTACAATTTTGAAGTTCTCCTTATGCACAATTATTTCACCACATGACTCATTTCACATCGTGTTTTTGATATATGAGCATATGAGGGAAAAATACTGAGATGCTTATTTCAATACTCAGGGAAAATTTATTGCCAAAAGGCAAGAAATGTATAATTCATTCACTTATTTTATTTTATTATTTTTTTTATTTTTAAGGTCTAAGAGGATTTCAAAGTGAATGCCCCCTCCTCACTTTTGGTAAGCTTTAGGATATTGGAGGCAGACTGATCATTTTTATAGTTAATATCTTTTACATTTCATTTTCCTGGATAAGCCCCAATAGTAGCAATTTCCATCAGTGTACCAGCTTAAAGATTAATTATAAATTTATTTTCAATGATTGACTGTTATTTACTGGCCTGAAATTATGTATCTGTTATATTTCAAATAATGCAAAACTGTATATATATGGTGTTTACAGATTTGATTGGTTTTCTTTCAATAGCCTATATCCTTATTATTGATTGTCATCATTTATAGAAAAAACTGAAAATAATTTCTTATACTTTTATGTAAACCTGTTAGAGCTTATTTTAAAGATCAACTGCATTCACATTTCTAATCTAGTCATTATGAGCTTCAATAGTTTTATCTCACTTAAAATATATATATTGTCTTTTAATTCATGAGTCAAAATACAATCTCACAGTCCAGATATGGGACTTAAAAGGGGGATAGAATATAGTTTTGATATTCTTAACAATACACATCCTTTTGTGATCATGATTCAGCAGACATTTAATAAAATGATTCCAAGTAAGCCGATGTTTGGTCCTAGAGGAATTTTTATAACCTTTAAGAGAAGGCATAGCATGGTGTTTTTGTAATAAGATTTCTTTTATGAAAAAGTCACACCAAAATTGCAAATGGGGGTGAGATGAAGAGTTATAACATATAACTAAATCTATGTTTGTTCTCTATTCCACAGAATTGACTGCGACTGGAAATATGGCAACTTTTCAATCCTTGCATCATGTTACTAAGATAATTTTTAAATGAGTATACATGGAACAAAAAATGAAACTTTATTCCTTTATTTATTTTATGCTTTTTCATCTTAATTTGAATTTGAGTCATAAACTATATATTTCAAAATTTTAATTCAACATTAGCATAAAAGTTCAATTTTAACTTGGAAATATCATGAACATATCAAAATATGTATAAAAATAATTTCTGGAATTGTGATTATTATTTCTTTAAGAATCTATTTCCTAACCAGTCATTTCAATAAATTAATCCTTAGGCATATTTAAGTTTTCTTGTCTTTATTATATTTTTTTTAATGAAATTGGTCTCTTTATTGTTAACTTAAATTTATCTTTGATGTTAAAAAGAGCTGTGGAAAATTAAAATTGGATAGAATTC

6. RNA Processing

7. Binding of General Transcription Factors to DNA

8. Binding of RNA Polymerase II to the Transcription Complex

9. Controlling mRNA Transcription

10. Formation of a Stable Initiation Complex

11. Initiation of Transcription

12. RNA Transcription

13. mRNA Capping

14. mRNA Polyadenylation

15. mRNA Splicing

16. Final Structure of Milk Protein mRNA’s

17. Milk Protein mRNA Degradation

18. Milk Protein mRNA Stabilization Factors Cortisol and Prolactin induce production of mRNA stabilization factors to prevent degradation by nucleases.

19. Control of Milk Protein Transcription

20. Inhibiting Milk Protein Gene Transcription

21. Milk Protein Transcription Inhibition Progesterone induces LIF production, so LIF is involved in the progesterone inhibition of lactation

22. mRNA Destablization

23. Model for Milk Protein Transcription During Pregnancy

24. Model for Milk Protein Transcription During Lactation

25. Milk Protein Translation

26. Ribosome Structure

27. Initiation of Protein Synthesis

28. Identification of the Initiation Codon

29. Protein Translation

30. Termination of Protein Synthesis

31. Milk Protein Production

32. Signal Peptide Function

33. Signal Peptide Cleavage

34. Completion of Protein Synthesis

35. Glycosylation of Milk Proteins

36. Glycosylation of Milk Proteins

37. Phosphorylation of the Caseins

38. Regulation of Protein Synthesis

39. Mammary Epithelial Cell Cartoon

40. Transgenic Animals • Animals that contain DNA (Genes) that they would not obtain through normal breeding or mating practices. • Genes can be introduced across breed, species or kingdom. • The gene is stable once incorporated into the animal. • The gene is passed on to the animals offspring in a normal fashion

41. Transgenic Animals

42. DNA Microinjection into the Embryo

44. Gene Knock-out Mice

45. Gene Knock-out Mice

46. Gene Knock-out Mice