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Scientific Classification & Taxonomy

Scientific Classification & Taxonomy. SOL BIO: 7 a-e. SOL BIO: 7 a-e . The student will investigate and understand bases for modern classification systems. Key concepts include: a) structural similarities among organisms; b) fossil record interpretation;

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Scientific Classification & Taxonomy

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  1. Scientific Classification & Taxonomy SOL BIO: 7 a-e

  2. SOL BIO: 7 a-e The student will investigate and understand bases for modern classification systems. Key concepts include: • a) structural similarities among organisms; • b) fossil record interpretation; • c) comparison of developmental stages in different organisms; • d) examination of biochemical similarities and differences among organisms; and • e) systems of classification that are adaptable to new scientific discoveries.

  3. CLASSIFICATION • the grouping of organisms by similarities • Biological classifications are based on how organisms are related. Group A Group B

  4. Taxonomy • the branch of biology concerned with the grouping and naming of organisms; the study of classification

  5. Taxonomy • Organisms are classified into a hierarchy of groups and subgroups based on similarities that reflect their relationships over a period of time.

  6. HISTORY: • Aristotle- developed the 1st method of classification • He divided all living things into 2 major groups

  7. Aristotle (384 - 322BC)

  8. Aristotle’s Groups • He divided all living things into 2 major groups • 1. Plants • classified by size and structure • 2. Animals • classified by habitat (where they lived)

  9. HISTORY: Aristotle • Problems with his system: • Frogs live in both water and on land

  10. HISTORY: Aristotle • Problems with his system: • Bats, birds and flying insects were grouped together

  11. HISTORY: • Carolus Linnaeus- developed the modern system of classification • Father of Taxonomy

  12. Carolus Linnaeus (1707-1778)

  13. MODERN CLASSIFICATION SYSTEM • Organisms are grouped together on the basis of: • Similarity in structure Panthera leo Felis rufus Felis domesticus

  14. Similarity in structure Canis lupus

  15. Similarity in structure Canis latrans

  16. Similarity in structure Canis domesticus

  17. Organisms are grouped together on the basis of: • Similarity in genetic makeup (biochemistry) • Similarities among organisms on the structural and metabolic levels are reflected in the large degree of similarity in proteins and nucleic acids of different organisms. • Diversity is the product of variations in these molecules.

  18. Organisms are grouped together on the basis of: • Similarity of embryonic development

  19. Classification is based on close evolutionary relationships of organisms. • Organisms classified in the same taxa (pl.)(taxon, sing.) share a common ancestry. They have evolved from the same common ancestral organism.

  20. Organisms are grouped together on the basis of: • Similarity in evolutionary history • Phylogeny: the evolutionary history of a species based on comparing relationships between species using the fossil record

  21. Cladogram or Phylogenic Tree • A branching, treelike diagram in which the endpoints of the branches represent specific species of organisms. • It is used to illustrate phylogenetic relationships and show points at which various species have diverged from common ancestral forms.

  22. Organisms are grouped together on the basis of: • Similarity in behavior

  23. Binomial Nomenclature • Binomial nomenclature is a standard way of identifying a species with a scientific two-word name. • The first word is the genus name and the second the species name.

  24. Binomial Nomenclature • Scientific name - 2 Latin names • - Genus and species • - Capitalize the first letter of the genus • - Do NOT capitalize the species • - ALWAYS underline or use italics Ex. Homo sapiens

  25. Kingdom – largest group • Phylum (sing.) • Phyla (pl.)(Plants don’t have phyla, they have divisions.) • Class • Order • Family • Genus • Species These two taxa make up the scientific name.

  26. Binomial Nomenclature Scientific Name: Homo sapiens Scientific Name: Homo erectus

  27. Binomial Nomenclature Scientific Name: Rudbeckia hirta Common Name:Gloriosa daisy or Black-eyed Susan

  28. Binomial Nomenclature Scientific Name: Pinus virginianis Common Name: Virginia Pine

  29. Binomial Nomenclature Scientific Name: Harmonia axyridis Common Name: Asian Ladybug

  30. Binomial Nomenclature Scientific Name: Ophiophagus hannah Common Name:King Cobra

  31. Why Latin? • Latin is no longer spoken, and therefore, does not change as spoken languages do. • So, scientific names remain the same forever.

  32. Why use scientific names? • Common names do not indicate how organisms are related or classified. • Common names can be misleading. (e.g., seahorse, sea monkey) • Organisms with more than one common name leads to mass confusion.

  33. What does these look like? If you said…Artemiasalina… then your right!!! A species of brine shrimp. So what is their common name? Sea Monkey!

  34. Species • organisms that belong to the same species can mate AND produce FERTILE offspring.

  35. Horses and donkeys can mate. • They produce a mule. • Mules are INFERTILE + =

  36. Lions and tigers can mate. • They produce a liger. • Ligers are INFERTILE (usually) + =

  37. Fun Facts Hercules, the world’ largest non-obese Liger Ligers typically grow larger than either parent species, unlike Tigonswhich tend to be about as large as a female tiger

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