Essential Question :

1. Essential Question: • How did different values lead to different American subcultures in the Chesapeake, Southern, New England, & Middle colonies? • Warm-Up Question: • Based upon the documents provided, what are some key differences between the Virginia & New England colonies?

2. Four Colonial Subcultures • The different values of the migrants dictated the “personality” of the newly created colonies; led to distinct (not unified) colonies • The Chesapeake • New England • Middle Colonies • The Lower South

3. European Settlements in North America by 1660

4. Chesapeake Colonies

5. The Chesapeake: Dreams of Wealth • After Walter Raleigh's failed Roanoke settlement, there was little interest in colonizing America; but Richard Hakluyt (& others) kept promoting colonies: • Possibilities for wealth • Rivaling Spain, Holland, France • Nationalism, anti-Catholicism, & anti-Spanish zeal

6. Entrepreneurs in Virginia • The major obstacle to colonizing in America was funding; Queen Elizabeth would not spend tax revenue: • Joint-stock companies provided financing for colonies • In 1606, King James gave the London Company the 1st charter to establish colonies in America

7. The London Company, 1606 The London Co was later renamed the Virginia Company; English stockholders in Virginia Company expected instant profits

8. Entrepreneurs in Virginia • Jamestown was settled in 1607 along the Chesapeake Bay: • the location was unhealthy but easy to defend from Spanish ships (but not from inland Indians) • Settlers had no experience in founding a settlement • Colonists expected to become immediately wealthy & failed to plant crops or prepare for long-term habitation in America Chesapeake colonists did not work for the common good & many starved to death

9. Jamestown Colony

10. Spinning Out of Control • In 1608, John Smith imposed order in Jamestown & traded for food with natives • But, Jamestown faced difficulties: • Poor leadership & harsh winters led to starving time (1609-1610) • In 1622 & 1644, Jamestown was attacked by Powhatan Indians Captain John Smith The most powerful Native Americans east of Mississippi River

11. The 1622 Powhatan uprising killed 347 Powhatan Confederacy

12. Saved by a “Stinking Weed” • John Rolfe introduced a tobacco hybrid that gave Jamestown a cash crop economy

13. Saved by a “Stinking Weed” • In 1618, headrights were used to encourage cultivation of tobacco & the settlement of Jamestown: • A 50-acre lot was granted to each colonist who paid for his own transportation, or for each servant brought into the colony • Led to huge tobacco plantations & thousands of new settlers who hoped to make their fortunes Virginia’s growth was due largely to headrights English Migration, 1610-1660

14. Why was 1619 a pivotal year for the Chesapeake settlement?

15. Virginia House of Burgesses • In 1619, Virginia colonists created a legislative assembly to create local taxes & oversee finances • The Virginia House of Burgesses became the 1st legislative assembly in America

16. How Many Slaves? • In 1619, the 1st African slaves arrived in Jamestown • In the 17th century, 1,000 slaves arrived in the New World per year • Through the 18th century, 5.5 million arrived in America • By 1860, 11 million slaves were brought to the New World • Before 1831, more African slaves came to America than Europeans

17. Time of Reckoning • Despite the profits from tobacco, VA was a deadly place to live • Many died from disease • Numerous Powhatan attacks • Indentured servants were treated badly & cheated out of land when servitude ended • Few females (6:1 ratio) made families or reproduction difficult • In 1624, James I dissolved the Virginia Company & made Virginia a royal colony • But colonists continued to meet in the House of Burgesses • VA was divided into 8 counties each with a county court • Very little changed; Jamestown colonists still focused with tobacco & continued to lack unity

18. Maryland: A Refuge for Catholics • Initiated by Sir George Calvert (Lord Baltimore) as a refuge for English Catholics • In 1632, Charles I granted a charter for Maryland • To recruit laborers, Lord Baltimore required toleration among Catholics & Protestants

19. Maryland: A Refuge for Catholics • Wealthy Catholics proved unwilling to relocate to America so Maryland became populated largely by poor Protestant farmers & indentured servants: • Maryland had few large tobacco plantations • Farmers (mostly poor tobacco planters) lived in scattered riverfront settlements

20. New England Colonies, 1650

21. The Pilgrims in Plymouth • Pilgrims were separatists who refused to worship in the Anglican Church, fled to Holland to avoid compromising religious beliefs • Migrated to America in order to maintain distinct identity & settled in New England • Formed the Mayflower Compactto create a “civil body politick” among settlers (became the 1st American form of self-gov’t)

22. Reforming England in America • Pilgrims founded Plymouth in 1620 • Faced disease & hunger; received help from local natives like Squanto & Massasoit • Plymouth was a society of small farming villages bound together by mutual consent but faced serious recruitment issues • In 1691,Plymouth was absorbed into the larger, more successful Massachusetts Bay colony The origins of Thanksgiving

23. “The Great Migration” • Puritans were more conservative than Pilgrims & wished to remain within the Church of England: • Believedinpredestination,fought social sins, & despised Catholic rituals in the Anglican Church • In 1629, many Puritans felt King Charles I was ruining England • From 1630-1640, John Winthrop led 16,000 Puritans to the Massachusetts Bay colony

25. “A City on a Hill” • Winthrop emphasized a common spiritual goal: to create a “city on a hill” as beacon of righteousness • New England experienced unique demographic & social trends: • Settlers usually came as families • NE was a generally healthy place to live • Settlers sacrificed self-interest for the good of the community

26. “A City on a Hill” • As Mass Bay colony grew beyond Boston, towns began to develop their own unique personalities: • Each town was independently governed by local church members (Congregationalism) • Allowed voting by all adult male church members (women & blacks joined but could not vote) • Officials were responsible to God, not their constituents

27. “A City on a Hill” • NE town gov’ts were autonomous & most people participated due to common religious values • Massachusetts Bay was more peaceful than other colonies: • Passed a legal code called the Lawes and Liberties in 1648 to protect rights & order • Created civil courts to maintain order & mediate differences

28. Limits of Dissent: Roger Williams and Anne Hutchinson • Puritans never supported religious toleration, esp Roger Williams: • Williams was a separatist who questioned the validity of the colony’s charter because the landwasnotboughtfromnatives • Promoted “liberty of conscience” where God (not leaders) would punish people for their “wrong” religious ideas • Expelled to Rhode Island in 1636 • Anne Hutchinson believed she was directly inspired by God: • Believed that “converted” people are not subject to man’s laws, only subject to God’s laws (Antinomianism) • Hutchinson challenged Mass Bay’s religious leaders • She was banished to Rhode Island

29. Mobility and Division New Hampshire formed in 1677; grew very slowly & was dependent upon Mass Bay • Connecticut formed in 1662 due to fertile lands; resembled Mass Bay • Fundamental Orders was model of civil gov’t based on religious principles (the 1st written constitution in American history) • After absorbing Plymouth, the Massachusetts colony grew & spawned 4 new colonies: • New Hampshire • Rhode Island • Connecticut • New Haven Rhode Island drew highly independent colonists who practiced religious toleration (founded by religious dissenter Roger Williams) New Haven set up in 1636 because Puritan leaders wanted a colony with closer relationship between church & state

30. The Middle Colonies, 1685

31. New York • NY was established as “New Netherlands” by the Dutch West India Co. (the great economic rival to England & Spain) • Its small population was diverse; included Finns, Swedes, Germans, Africans, & Dutch • In 1664, the English fleet captured the colony with little resistance

32. New York • After begin taken by England, New York (which included New Jersey, Delaware, & Maine) became the personal property of James, the Duke of York • Inhabitants had no political voice beyond the local level • James gained little profit from the colony

33. Pennsylvania • Pennsylvania founded by a radical religious sect called Quakers • Quakers believed in “Inner Light”: • Rejected idea of original sin & predestination • Believed that each person could communicate directly with God • All are equal in eyes of God & can be saved (conversion was essential to faith)

34. Penn's "Holy Experiment" • Quakers were persecuted in New England for their beliefs; William Penn founded Pennsylvania in 1681 as a “holy experiment” • As a society run on Quaker principles that promoted religious toleration & protection of the rights of property-less • Appealed to English, Welsh, Irish, German immigrants

35. William Penn & Native Americans Quick Discussion Question: In what ways was Penn’s “holy experiment” in Pennsylvania similar to Winthrop’s “city on a hill?”

36. Settling Pennsylvania • Immigration to PA led to a very ethnically, nationally, & religiously diverse population • Quarrels were common (unlike homogeneous VA & Mass Bay colonies), but PA prospered • In 1701, Penn granted self-rule to PA colonists & independence to Delaware counties

37. Settling the Lower South

38. Carolina • Although Carolina relied on slave labor & agriculture (& therefore looked like Chesapeake colonies) it was very different due to: • Diversity of settlers • Environment very different from the Chesapeake • No “Solid South” yet

39. Proprietors of the Carolinas • Carolina was granted a charter in 1663 to eight “proprietors” to reward their loyalty: • Proprietors were inspired by John Locke & created a government led by wealthy lawmakers but with veto power for average citizens • But Carolina had difficulty recruitingsettlersinitsfirstyears Carolina was established as a “political utopia” & experimented with early forms of democracy

40. The Barbadian Connection • English planters from the Caribbean island of Barbados were recruited to Charlestown: • Barbadians brought a strict, cruel slave code with them • Demanded greater self-gov’t within Carolina; led to 1729 strife that led to division of colony into North & South Carolinas

41. Charles Town, South Carolina, the only southern port

42. The Carolinas and Georgia

43. Founding of Georgia • Georgia was founded in 1732 by James Oglethorpe as a strategic buffer between the Carolinas & Spanish Florida • Oglethorpe offered Georgia as a refuge for imprisoned debtors from England • By 1751, Georgia was a small colony with a slave-owning plantation society Georgia was in many ways a “social utopia” because it offered a fresh start for many of the lowest English citizens

44. A secretary of one of the proprietors was John Locke The Proprietary Colonies 8 proprietors hoped to create a politically democratic colony Given as a gift to the James, Duke of York (the brother of King Charles II) • Most English colonies were created by royal charter, but some had charters granted land to individuals: • Maryland (1634) • Carolina (1663) • New York (1664) • New Jersey (1665) • New Hampshire (1680) • Pennsylvania (1681) • Delaware (1704) By Lord Baltimore as a heaven for Catholics Granted to William Penn (son of a English naval hero) as a land of religious freedom

45. Conclusions • All the colonies faced early an struggle to survive • Distinct regional differences intensified & persisted throughout the colonial period • It was not until the American Revolution that colonists began to see themselves as a distinct “American” people

46. Closure Question • Did any of these colonies live up to the expectations of their founders: • Virginia? • Massachusetts Bay? • Carolina? • Pennsylvania? • Which colony would you have chosen to live in? Why?