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Carbohydrates

Carbohydrates. Carbohydrates are composed of rings of 4 or 5 carbons with H ydrogens and O xygens attached to the carbon atoms The basic building block of carbohydrates is glucose. Carbohydrate Functions. Carbohydrates are used for energy production, energy storage, and cell structure.

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Carbohydrates

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  1. Carbohydrates Carbohydrates are composed of rings of 4 or 5 carbons with Hydrogens and Oxygensattached to the carbon atoms The basic building block of carbohydrates is glucose

  2. Carbohydrate Functions • Carbohydrates are used for energy production, energy storage, and cell structure.

  3. Sugars and Complex Carbohydrates • Glucose is the main food molecule used by most living things: other molecules are converted to glucose before being used to generate energy. Glucose can also be assembled into starch and cellulose. • Complex Carbohydrates: Some is structural: the cellulose of plant cell walls and fibers is a polysaccharide composed of many glucose molecules. The chitin that covers insects and crustaceans is another glucose polymer (with a bit of modification). Some is food storage: starch and its animal form glycogen. Also glucose polymers, but linked differently: we have enzymes that can digest starch. We animals store glycogen in the liver as a ready source of glucose, the basic food molecule needed by all cells.

  4. Lipids (Fats) • An Important Molecule for Living Things

  5. Sources of Fatsin Our Diet BAD Red Meat Butter Cheese OK Olive Oil Canola Oil Avocado GOOD Salmon Nuts Flaxseed Oil

  6. Basic Structure • Two Parts: • Glycerol Head: • hydrophilic: attracted to water • Fatty Acid Tails: • hydrophobic: not attracted to water Glycerol Fatty acid

  7. Four Main Types of Lipidsand their functions • Fats: energy storage and insulation • Phospholipids: biological membranes • Waxes: waterproofing and protection • Steroids: hormones/messaging

  8. Proteins An important molecule for your body

  9. Where can you get proteins?

  10. Why do you need protein? • Transports materials across cell membrane • Protects bones • Builds cartilage • Builds muscle • Helps chemical reactions in your body (enzymes)

  11. What are the subunits (monomers) of proteins? • AMINO ACIDS

  12. Talk about ways that proteins are different than carbohydrates Think about sources, subunits, and functions.

  13. Nucleic Acids • Made of CHONP • Building blocks are called nucleotides • Functions: • Storing genetic information • Transmitting genetic information • Protein building code

  14. Molecules are organized into organelles • Nucleus • Mitochondria • Cell wall • Cell membrane • Chloroplast • Ribosome

  15. Organelles Compose Cells • Cells themselves are made of smaller parts called organelles (mitochondria, chloroplast, nucleus, ribosome, cell membrane)

  16. Organization of matter in living things • Cell = the basic unit of life’s organization • Eukaryotes = multi-celled organisms containing internal structures (organelles) • Plants, animals, fungi, protists • Ribosomes synthesize proteins • Mitochondria extract energy from sugars and fats • Nucleus houses DNA • Prokaryotes = single-celled organisms lacking organelles and a nucleus

  17. Matter is organized in a hierarchy of levels, from atoms through cells through organ systems Hierarchy of matter in organisms

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