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Explore the rise of American imperialism in the late 1800s through lessons on key figures like Matthew Perry, debates on expansionism, effects of the Spanish-American War, and US territorial acquisitions. Analyze economic, nationalistic, and moral arguments for and against imperialism to understand its impact on America's global influence. Discover how the US justified expansion through military strength, economic interests, and idealistic motives, shaping its role as a world power during the era of imperialism.
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Chapter 4 Becoming A World Power (1872–1917)
Lesson 1: The Imperialist Vision Lesson 2: The Spanish-American War Lesson 3: New American Diplomacy
QW #4 - Imperialism Define the term imperialism in your own words. Is right or wrong of countries to colonize other countries?
The Growth of Imperialism in Europe • Imperialism is stronger nations creating empires by dominating weaker nations. • By the late 1800s Europe had much of Africa and Asia under foreign domination. • Factors for the growth of Imperialism in Europe: • Economic factors: The growth of industry increased the need for natural resources. • Nationalistic factors: Competition among nations for large empires was the result of a rise in nationalism—or devotion to one’s own nation. • Military factors: Europe had better armies than Africa and Asia, and it needed bases around the world to refuel and supply navy ships. • Humanitarian factors: Europeans believed that they had a duty to spread the blessings of western civilizations to other countries. • By 1890, the United States was eager to join the competition for new territory.
Debating Imperialism in America Anti-Imperialists • A moral and political argument: • Expansionism was a rejection of our nation’s founding principle of “liberty for all.” • An economic argument: • Expansion involved too many costs. Pro-Imperialists • Imperialism offered a new kind of frontier for American expansion. • Access to foreign markets made the economy stronger.
Expanding U.S. Interests Around the World • The Monroe Doctrine • The U.S. declared itself neutral in European Wars • The U.S. warned Europe to stay out of the Western Hemisphere • TR Roosevelt Corollary interpreted it to mean the U.S. took a more active role to protect the interests of the U.S. • Seward’s Folly in Alaska • In 1867, Secretary of State William Seward bought Alaska from Russia for $7 million. • Midway Islands • Seward bought the uninhabited Midway Islands for use as repairing and refueling stations for navy vessels in the Pacific. • Latin America and Hawaii • The U.S. signed a treaty with Hawaii and took a more active role in protecting Latin America • In 1907, President Roosevelt sent the Great White Fleet on a cruise around the world to demonstrate U.S. naval power to other nations.
Alfred T. Mahan • Father of the modern US Navy who called for: • A stronger navy • Naval bases in Cuba, Hawaii and the Philippines • A canal through Central America
Arguments for U.S. Expansion • #1 – Promoting Economic Growth: • The U.S. needed to secure new markets in other countries • The United Fruit Company invested and gained political influence in Central American countries, these countries were known as Banana Republics • #2 – Protecting American Security: • An expanded navy with bases around the world would protect U.S. interests • By 1900, the U.S. had the most powerful navy in the world • #3 – Preserving American Spirit: • Americans believed that introducing Christianity and modern civilization to “less developed” nations around the world was a noble pursuit.
The Imperialist Vision Wrap-Up • Page 94-95 in the Inquiry Journal • Read “Joint Resolution to Provide for Annexing the Hawaiian Islands to the United States (1898) • Answer the questions on your own • Turn in on the front desk when you are done
The Spanish-American War – Steps to War • The United States became involved in the Cuban rebellion against Spain, to protect American business interests. • In competition for readership, two New York newspapers owned by William Randolph Hearst wrote exaggerated stories about the Cuban rebellion. • This “yellow journalism” sold a lot of papers but had other effects as well: • It whipped up American public opinion in favor of the Cuban rebels. • It led to a burst of national pride and the desire for an aggressive foreign policy, which became known as jingoism. • Then the U.S.S. Maine, stationed at Havana Harbor exploded, and the American people blamed Spain. • Congress recognized Cuban independence and authorized force against Spain.
The Spanish-American War – “A Splendid Little War” • May 1st 1898 – The United States Navy launches a surprise attack in Manila Bay • The Navy destroys Spain’s entire Pacific fleet in 7 hours • July 1st 1898 – Teddy Roosevelt (before he is President) leads the Rough Riders up San Juan Hill • July 3rd 1898 – The U.S. Navy sinks the rest of the remaining Spanish Ships
Charge of the Rough Riders at San Juan Hill Transparency: Charge of the Rough Riders at San Juan Hill
The Spanish-American War – The Treaty of Paris • The Spanish Government recognized Cuba’s independence • Spain gives up: • The Philippines • Guam • Puerto Rico • In return for $20 million • The island nations then become unincorporated territories of the United States.
Chart: Causes of American Deaths in the Spanish-American War
New Challenges After the War • President McKinley installed a military government in Cuba to protect American business interests. • The Platt Amendment allowed for U.S. naval bases on the island and intervention whenever necessary and would remain in place until 1934. • Filipinos were angry that the United States did not grant them independence after the Spanish-American War ended, leading to war. • Philippines goes into insurrection and fights a guerrilla war against the U.S. • 1901 – William Howard Taft becomes Governor General. • President McKinley’s arguments for Philippine annexation: • Filipinos were unfit for self-government. • Independence would bring anarchy. • European powers would try to seize the islands. • The Filipinos fought a three-year war for independence and did not gain complete independence until 1946. • After the Spanish-American War, Puerto Rico remained under direct U.S. rule and Puerto Ricans were given some citizenship rights. • The Foraker Act established civil government in 1900
Quick Write #5 - “TR’s Foreign Policy” • It was Theodore “Teddy” Roosevelt who said of U.S. Foreign policy, “Speak softly and carry a big stick.” • What did he mean by this?
Imperialism Viewed From Abroad • In the Caribbean and Central America, the United States often had to defend governments that were unpopular with local inhabitants. • Many countries also began to turn to the United States for help. • China’s huge population and its vast markets became very important to American trade. • President McKinley’s Secretary of State, John Hay, wrote notes to the major European powers trying to persuade them to keep an “open door” to China. • He wanted to ensure through his Open Door Policy that the United States would have equal access to China’s millions of consumers.
Tensions Rise Between America and Japan • TR won a Nobel Peace prize for his efforts helping to end the Russo-Japanese War (1904-1905) • Many Asians in America were looked at with suspicion and hostility leading to growing conflict with Japan in the early 1900s. • 1906 – San Francisco school board bans Japanese, Chinese and Korean students from attending school with white children • Gentlemen’s Agreement – the school board reversed its policy, and Japan agreed to limit its citizens moving to the U.S.
Roosevelt Pursues Big Stick Diplomacy • Theodore Roosevelt thought it was important to take a strong stand in international affairs, and wanted the United States to act as “police” for all of Latin America.
Taft Pursues Dollar Diplomacy • Taft looked to continue trading with China and Latin America • Taft looked less towards ‘big stick’ diplomacy and more towards substituting dollars for bullets.
Wilson Pursues Moral Diplomacy • When Wilson was elected President, he criticized the imperialist actions of his predecessors. • However, under his term the United States continued to intervene in Mexico and Latin American affairs
Chapter 4 Lesson 3 Wrap-Up • Inquiry Journal pages 108-109 • Read and answer the questions about dollar diplomacy and imperialism • Rip out the pages and turn in by the end of the period