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National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA)

National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA). NASA. Hubble Telescope – Justin Lauer Mars Exploration – Michelle Hernandez International Space Station – Robert Roark The Challenger Disaster – Laura Montanez Spaceguard Survey Program – Jose Ruiz Hypersonic X43A – Pilar Lamarque

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National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA)

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  1. National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA)

  2. NASA • Hubble Telescope – Justin Lauer • Mars Exploration – Michelle Hernandez • International Space Station – Robert Roark • The Challenger Disaster – Laura Montanez • Spaceguard Survey Program – Jose Ruiz • Hypersonic X43A – Pilar Lamarque • Gravity Probe B – Josh Thomas

  3. Hubble Telescope

  4. Mars Exploration: Rover Mission By Michelle Hernandez

  5. Twin Robots: Spirit and Opportunity • A Body: protects the rovers • Brains:  computers to process information • Temperature controls:   internal heaters, a layer of insulation, and more • Eyes and other "senses":  cameras and instruments give information about their environment

  6. Twin Robots: Spirit and Opportunity • Arm:  a way to extend its reach • Wheels and "legs":  parts for mobility • Eenergy:  batteries and solar panels • Communications:  antennas for "speaking" and "listening"

  7. Mars Rover Discoveries • Spirit’s discoveries at Maztzal showed different layers of Martian dust and network fractures • Opportunity's discoveries at Meridiani Planum showed rolling, never parallel lines of rock

  8. Mars Rover Mission • NASA approved a five extension for this Mission • Many concerns have arised regarding keeping the rovers in working condition

  9. International Space Station

  10. The Power System

  11. Modules to Live & Work

  12. Laboratory Module Interior

  13. Space Station Research

  14. The Challenger Disaster: A NASA Tragedy

  15. Mechanical Flaws • Blow holes forming in putty • Erosion of O-rings • Joint rotation • Loss of flexibility in material

  16. Administrative Flaws • Lack of understanding of problem • Eagerness to launch • Underestimating problem • Weather not suitable for launch “Take off your engineering hat. Put on your management hat!”

  17. Ethics • Safety and the public’s well-being is ALWAYS a priority • Do not become a part of “group think” • Never ignore or underestimate people

  18. NASA Spaceguard Survey Program

  19. Near-Earth Objects (NEOs) • Asteroid: • Small planetoid that orbit the solar system • Rocky or metallic composition • Comet • Composed of ice and dust • Near sun becomes gas and ignites luminous tail

  20. NEOs (continued) • NEOs with diameter (d) less than 10 m break down as entering atmosphere. • Category 1 • Size: 10 m < d < 100 m • Power: 100 kilotons of TNT (a few Hiroshima-type bombs) • Damage: Fire and destruction in radius of up to 40 km • Dissipates before hitting ground

  21. NEOs (continued) • Category 2 • Size: 100 m < d < 1 km • Damage: 1 km objects could have radius of destruction encompassing whole states • Plunges enough dust into atmosphere to begin influencing global temperatures • Creates craters • Category 3 • Size: 1 km < d < 5 km

  22. Spaceguard Survey Program (SSP) • What is it? • Program which is being developed to explore the sky in order to locate NEOs that could pose a threat to collide with the Earth. • Started in 1992 and its goal is to Survey 90% of NEOs with d > 1 km by 2009. • Detection rate • Currently 70 per year • When fully expanded 500 per year

  23. SSP (continued) • International network of programs and their observatories such as LINEAR, NEAT, Spacewatch (University of Arizona), LEONOS, and Catalina among others monitoring about 6000 square degrees per month.

  24. SSP (continued) • Detection Techniques • Photograph • Films are either exposed in pairs with a gap in time between the first and next exposure and scanned with a built stereo comparator, objects which move noticeably from exposure to exposure can be detected in that way. Angular velocity can be determined by the motion between exposures. Selection of potential threats is based on the object’s angular velocity and orbits are calculated only for those who have abnormal motions. • Charged-Couple Device (CCD) Scanning • Matching the rate of transfer of the charges from row to row of the CCD chip, to the rate of scanning of the telescope. Each line of the CCD image is clocked into the serial shift register and is read by a computer, the software determines the potential threat of an object and prompts for verification.

  25. SSP (continued) • What if a NEO is going to hit? • Warning anticipation • Ranges from months (long term comets) to decades to centuries • Options • Destroy by launching nuclear weapons at it • Deflect by trying to attach rockets to deviate course • Evacuate Area (currently most realistic solution)

  26. Mission: Hypersonic X-43A Video 1: About X-43A Video 2: X-43A Take Off! By: Pilar Lamarque

  27. Gravity Probe B

  28. Einstein’s Theories • Special Relativity: • Does not include gravity • E=mc² • General Relativity: • Theory of Gravity • “Field”

  29. Gravity Probe B • Gyroscope • Reference Telescope • Dewar vessel

  30. Launch Gravity Probe B is scheduled to be launched on April 17th, 2004.

  31. Questions?

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