Several volcanic islands A very varied climate. Soil not very arable,

1. Japan • Several volcanic islands • A very varied climate. • Soil not very arable, • Plains and valleys on Honshu • are mineral rich.

2. Japan inhabited by two distinct groups, who arrived ten to twenty million years ago. • The Utari (or Ainu) are similar to the early people of Siberia and the Americas. • A second group came from the people who settled Southeast Asia, Indonesia.

3. Yamato Period, 250–710 • First true Japanese state • Formation affected by repeated invasions of Korea by China. • Yamato modeled on Chinese imperial state. • Empress Suiko (554 – 628) • Her nephew Prince Shotoku(574 – 622)

4. The Imperial mythology . . . • Emperor Jimmu • Direct descendent of Amaterasu • 18 February 660 BC – 9 April 585 BCE • Emperor Kimmei, c. 509–571 AD • First emperor for whom there is proof. • Emperor Akihito, b. 1933 • Became Emperor in 1989

5. Imperial order firmly enforced in the capital and provincial administrative centers. • A uniform culture at the top was created through literacy. • Culture based on Confucianism, Buddhism, and Chinese culture. • Rural Japan dominated by militarized uji(clans), used by the court to establish order.

6. Much like the European feudal system. Imperial Court (rival clans) Clans Clans Clans Clans Clans Peasant Farmers

7. Rural Japan divided by those who owned land, the shoenor clan estates, and those who were tenants. • Shoenlands exempt from taxes, provided military service instead. • Buddhist lands also exempt from taxes. • Capital divided by clan factions, culminating in the victory of MinamotoYoritomo, who became the first shogun in 1185.

8. Shogunatereduced the power of the capital and the imperial family. • Established shogunate center at Kamakura, leaving religious and ceremonial duties to Kyoto. • Subsequent attempts by emperors to reclaim power failed.

9. MinamotoYoritomo Minamoto Clan mon

10. The Ashikaga ujiclaimed the shogunate in 1337, and moved headquarters to Kyoto. • Aesthetics of court life adopted by regional lords (daimyo) and samurai. • The dual way: • union of the bu(sword) and the bun (writing brush) • created a code of behavior called bushido • samurai were expected to be excellent warriors, educated, and loyal.

11. Zen Buddhism • School of Mahayana Buddhism • Enlightment attained through zazen (seated meditation) • Scriptural knowledge less important • monochrome ink painting • rock gardens • poetry • tea ceremony

14. “In Shiga capital; rippling waves have turned wild but mountain cherries remain as of old.” Tairano Tadanori (1144-1184) “Death poems are mere delusion- death is death.” Toko(1795)

15. “Wabi-sabi” An aesthetic that emphasizes: Asymmetry Roughness or irregularity Simplicity Economy Austerity Modesty Intimacy Appreciation of the ingenuous integrity of natural objects and processes.

17. Shinto is combines animism with shamanism, with reverence for kami, spirits of nature, inanimate objects, and the all beings. • Shinto means “way of the gods” and encompasses many deities. • Amaterasuis the Sun Goddess and the ancestress of Japan’s emperors. • In the eighth century, a new phonetic writing system was devised called kana. • A cultural divide appeared between those who can read and write in literary Chinese and those who read and write in kana.

18. Shinto “Way of the Gods” • Indigenous spiritual system of Japan • Original Chinese characters mean: • “spirit” • “philosophical path” • Ritual focusing on a mixture of • animism and spirit worship • connecting the present to the past • memorializing

20. Japanese Shogunates “The Three unifiers of Japan” Kenmu Restoration Oda Nobunaga 1573-1582 Ashikaga Shogunate 1336–1573 Tokugawa Ieyasu Tokugawa Shogunate 1600-1868 Kamakura Shogunate 1192–1333 ToyotomiHideyoshi 1583-1598

22. Japanese history . . . • Extremely stable culture and population. • Imperial system has existed for 1,500 years. • Keystones to Japanese policy: • Maintenance of the Emperor • Security of the “Home Islands” • Initial expansion into Korea and China

23. 1274 • Chinese invade then leave. • 1281 • Chinese arrive but don’t land • In both cases much of the Chinese fleet destroyed by a “divine wind.”

24. Expansion policy fails - new policy: isolation - sakoku("chained country“)

25. Japanese history . . . • Commodore Perry “opens” Japan in 1854. • Meiji Restoration. • Industrialization and militarization of Japan. • Russo-Japanese War 1904-1905. • Japan now clearly a Pacific, if not a world power. • Two major Pacific powers: U.S. and Japan

26. Japanese history . . . • Japan occupies German colonies in the Pacific. • Conflict within Japanese government: “Strike North” faction vs. “Strike South” faction “Strike North” - Japan should look toward Manchuria and Siberia “Strike South” - Japan should look toward the Dutch East Indies

27. Where will Japan get its industrial resources. ?

29. War in Asia . . . • 1931, Japan begins occupation of Manchuria. • 1932, Manchukuo declared “independent.” • 1937, war proper begins with China.

30. China in chaos . . . • Chinese government very weak. • Chinese Revolution in 1912 overthrows the Imperial government. • Conflict continues between and among: • "Nationalists" government under Chiang Kai-shek • Communists led by Mao Ze-dong • Various local warlords

31. War with the U.S. . . . • U.S. adopts economic sanctions as policy against Japan. • After invasion of China, U.S. embargoes: • scrap iron • aviation fuel • SEP 1940, Japan occupies French Indochina. • U.S. freezes Japanese assets. • Japanese Navy has less than 24 months of fuel oil.

32. Japan’s decision . . . • Seize “Southeast Asia Resources Area.” • Negotiate acceptance of conquest. • This required: • seizure of U.S., British, and Dutch colonies, • elimination of the U.S. Fleet as a threat. ADM Yamamoto’s promise to the Emperor: Japan could “run wild” for six months.