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UNDERSTANDING

UNDERSTANDING. D N A. DEOXYRIBONUCLEIC ACID. THE INSTRUCTION MANUAL OF LIFE. THOMAS HUNT MORGAN. THEY DISCOVERED THAT GENES ARE THE UNITS OF HEREDITY AND ARE LOCATED ON THE CHROMOSOMES. WALTER SUTTON. GEORGE BEADLE. THEY SHOWED THAT GENES CONTROL THE STRUCTURE &

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UNDERSTANDING

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  1. UNDERSTANDING D N A DEOXYRIBONUCLEIC ACID THE INSTRUCTION MANUAL OF LIFE

  2. THOMAS HUNT MORGAN THEY DISCOVERED THAT GENES ARE THE UNITS OF HEREDITY AND ARE LOCATED ON THE CHROMOSOMES WALTER SUTTON

  3. GEORGE BEADLE THEY SHOWED THAT GENES CONTROL THE STRUCTURE & FUNCTION OF AN ORGANISM BY DIRECTING THE SYNTHESIS OF ENZYMES EDWARD TATUM

  4. FRED GRIFFITH AND BOBBY, HIS DOG

  5. OSWALD AVERY AVERY AND OTHERS DISCOVERED THAT THE NUCLEIC ACID DNA STORES AND TRANSMITS GENETIC INFORMATION FROM ONE GENERATION OF AN ORGANISM TO ANOTHER

  6. MARGARET CHASE THIS IS A VIRUS ATTACKING A BACTERIA… WE CALL THIS VIRUS A BACTERIOPHAGE… ALFRED HERSHEY

  7. UNDERSTANDING D N A DEOXYRIBONUCLEIC ACID THE INSTRUCTION MANUAL OF LIFE

  8. JAMES WATSONFRANCIS CRICKMAURICE WILKINS JAMES WATSON AND FRANCIS CRICK MAURICE WILKINS

  9. ROSALIND FRANKLIN

  10. DNA • HAS TWO SIDES TO IT • THE SIDES OF THE “LADDER” ARE MADE UP OF ALTERNATING PHOSPHATE MOLECULES ATTACHED TO SUGAR MOLECULES • THE “RUNGS” OF THE LADDER ARE MADE UP OF ATTACHED NITROGEN BASES ONE SIDE OF THE LADDER WOULD LOOK LIKE THIS…. PHOSPHATE- SUGAR - PHOSPHATE - SUGAR - PHOSPHATE – SUGAR-….

  11. DNA IS A POLYMER Polymer: LARGE molecule; made up of smaller units IT’S SIMPLEST UNIT, OR MONOMER, IS CALLED A NUCLEOTIDE A NUCLEOTIDE IS MADE UP OF A PHOSHPHATE MOLEUCLE PLUS A SUGAR MOLECULE, DEOXYRIBOSE, AND ONE NITROGEN BASE G A T C T THERE ARE FOUR DIFFERENT NITROGEN BASES: ADENINE – A GUANINE - G THYMINE – T CYTOSINE - C

  12. THIS IS THE TYPICAL SHAPE OF A DNA MOLECULE: DOUBLE HELIX TWISTED LADDER SPIRAL STAIRCASE DNA IS MADE UP OF REPEATING MONOMERS CALLED NUCLEOTIDES A NUCLEOTIDE IS FORMED FROM A PHOSPHATE MOLECULE ATTACHED TO A SUGAR MOLECULE WHICH IS ATTACHED TO A NITROGEN BASE THE PHOSPHATE MOLECULE AND THE SUGAR MOLECULE MAKE UP THE BACKBONE OF DNA; THE STEPS ARE MADE UP OF THE NITROGEN BASES

  13. DNA • JAMES WATSON AND FRANCIS CRICK’S MODEL OF DNA WAS A DOUBLE HELIX IN WHICH TWO STRANDS WERE WOUND AROUND EACH OTHER • THANKS TO ROSALIND FRANKLIN, THEY REALIZED THAT THE TWO STRANDS WERE HELD TOGETHER BY WEAK HYDROGEN BONDS • THESE HYDROGEN BONDS CAN ONLY FORM BETWEEN CERTAIN BASE PAIRS: • ADENINE AND THYMINE • THYMINE AND ADENINE THIS IS KNOWN • GUANINE AND CYTOSINE AS THE • CYTOSINE AND GUANINE BASE PAIRING RULE

  14. LET’S LOOK AT DNAFOR CLASS ROOM PURPOSES A G C G A T T G A C C A G C G A T T G A C A C T C G C T A A C T G T G THE BASE PAIRS READ: A WITH T G WITH C C WITH G G WITH C A WITH T T WITH A T WITH A G WITH C A WITH T C WITH G A WITH T C WITH G DID CHARGAFF’S RULE APPLY FOR THIS EXAMPLE?

  15. THE JOB OF DNA • REMEMBER IT IS ONLY IN THE NUCLEUS • CODES THE MESSAGES TO MAKE OUR TRAITS AND PROTEINS • THE INGREDIENTS TO MAKE PROTEINS, THE AMINO ACIDS, ARE IN THE CYTOPLASM • DNA MUST MAKE SOMETHING TO GO INTO THE CYTOPLASM TO GET THE AMINO ACIDS • DNA MAKES WHAT WE CALL MESSENGER RNA. • THE PROCESSOF MAKING MESSENGER RNA BY DNA IS CALLED TRANSCRIPTION

  16. REPLICATION OF D N A

  17. TRANSCRIPTION OF MESSENGER RNA BY DNA

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