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Lesson 5 Confidentiality

Lesson 5 Confidentiality. MEASURE Evaluation PHFI Training of Trainers May 2011. Objective. Discuss issues of confidentiality and spatial tools Present strategies for protecting confidentiality. Confidentiality. Protecting identity of individuals Requirement Informed consent agreements

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Lesson 5 Confidentiality

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  1. Lesson 5 Confidentiality MEASURE Evaluation PHFI Training of Trainers May 2011

  2. Objective • Discuss issues of confidentiality and spatial tools • Present strategies for protecting confidentiality

  3. Confidentiality • Protecting identity of individuals • Requirement • Informed consent agreements • Ethical research

  4. Overt disclosure The act of explicitly making data available that breaches confidentiality commitments.

  5. Deductive Disclosure 45 year old female 45 year old female Has 5 children 45 year old female Has 5 children Works for General Electric in Delhi 28.67171, 77.21211

  6. Spatial Data • Overt disclosure • Makes deductive disclosure easier

  7. Geoprivacy “[an] individual’s right to prevent disclosure of the location of one’s home, workplace, daily activities or trips.” Protection of geoprivacy and accuracy of Spatial Information: How Effective are Geographical Masks? Kwan, Casas, Schmitz Cartographica, Vol 39, #2

  8. Four Principles • Protection of Confidentiality • Social-Spatial Linkage • Data Sharing • Data Preservation Confidentiality and spatially explicit data: Concerns and challenges VanWey, Rindfuss, Gutmann, Entwisle, Balk PNAS, vol. 102, no. 43

  9. 1. Protection of Confidentiality • Fundamental to ethical research • Information that might lead to physical, emotional, financial or other harm • Protection of information that discloses identity

  10. 2. Social-Spatial Linkage • All human activity takes place on earth • Understanding that adds context and perspective • Key to advancement of science • Essential for understanding the diffusion of behaviors

  11. 3. Data Sharing • Essential on both scientific and financial grounds • Provide access to data for other researchers • Condition of funders

  12. 4. Data Preservation • Data available in the future • How long should data be deemed “sensitive”? • When, if ever, can it be released

  13. Strategies

  14. Random Perturbations • Random shifting of point locations • Pros: Easy (relatively) to do • Cons: Lose original location, introduces error

  15. Affine Transformation • Change scale • Rotate • Shift a set distance • Combination • Pros: Easy to do • Cons: Easy to undo, can impact some types of analysis

  16. Aggregate • Point locations are aggregated to higher unit of analysis • Pros: Easy to do • Cons: Requires sufficient data points, Finer data variations will be lost

  17. Despatialize • Remove Coordinate System • Use Euclidean space • Pros: Simple, keeps relative position and placement • Cons: Loses contextual data

  18. Nothing • Do not collect or release data • Cold room or on-site analysis only • Pros: Maintains all of the original spatial data • Cons: Complicated, limits data sharing, limits social-spatial link

  19. “Ignoring is unacceptable” • Can get lost in the excitement about GIS • Those who collect data must think about the confidentiality issues • Data users must also think about how their analysis may increase the risk of deductive disclosure.

  20. Key points • Confidentiality issues arise when spatial context is included in data. • It’s important to protect confidentiality. People have an expectation that their identities are protected. • There are strategies that can preserve confidentiality, but there is no “one-size-fits-all solution”

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