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The respiratory system

The respiratory system. Respiration:. 4 components: Ventilation Diffusion O2 and CO2 transport Utilization of O2 and generation of CO2. Ventilation:. Respiratory center in brainstem Motoric neurons Peripheral nerve: Phrenic nerves Diaphragm Chest wall Airways Alveoli. Lung volumes:.

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The respiratory system

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  1. The respiratory system

  2. Respiration: • 4 components: • Ventilation • Diffusion • O2 and CO2 transport • Utilization of O2 and generation of CO2

  3. Ventilation: • Respiratory center in brainstem • Motoric neurons • Peripheral nerve: Phrenic nerves • Diaphragm • Chest wall • Airways • Alveoli

  4. Lung volumes: • 4 • Tidal volume: the volume of air moving into and out of the lungs during a normal, relaxed ventilatory effort. (500 ml) • Inspiratory reserve volume: the volume of air that can be inspired during a maximal inspiratory effort in excess of the tidal volume. (2L)

  5. Expiratory reserve volume: volume of air expelled after a maximal expiratory effort in excess of the tidal volume.(1L) • Residual volume: volume of air remaining in the lungs after a maximal expiratory effort. Can`t be expelled.(1L)

  6. Lung capacities: • Total lung capacity: TV + IRV + ERV + RV. • Inspiratory capacity: TV + IRV • Vital capacity: IRV + TV + ERV • Functional residual capacity: ERV + RV

  7. FRC: • Amount of air remaining in the lungs after a normal, relaxed expiratory effort. • At FRC the respiratory system is in equilibrium. The tendency of the lungs to collapse are balanced by the tendency of the thoracic wall to expand.

  8. Physiological disturbances affecting ventilation: • Brainstem: Respiratory center. Bleeding, tumor, raised intracranial pressure with herniation. • Motoric neurons in spinal cord: Poliomyelitis, motor neuron disease, trauma etc. • Peripheral nerve: Phrenic nerves.

  9. Diaphragm: Myopathy • Chest wall: Rib fractures, pleural effusion, pneumothorax, hemothorax, mesothelioma. • Airways: Asthma, COPD, upper airway obstruction. • Alveoli: Filled by blood, fluid, pus, tumor, protein etc..

  10. Physiological lung function tests: • Ventilatory function: Assess flow via flow-volume loop- FEV1. Assess adequacy of ventilation with PaCO2. • Diffusion: Assess with CO-diffusion test: DLCO. • Pulmonary perfusion: Ventilation-perfusion scan. Inhaled radioactive xenon matched with technetium. • Structure of lung: CT • Ciliary function tests • Arterial blood gas analysis

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