Introduction to Anatomy & Physiology

1. Introduction to Anatomy & Physiology http://ukol.ds7424.dedicated.turbodns.co.uk/AdvHTML_Upload/Anatomy.bmp

2. First a Review….Levels of Organization within the Body • Subatomic particles • Proton, neutron, electron • Atom • Carbon, nitrogen, hydrogen, oxygen • Molecule • Water molecule, glucose molecule • Macromolecule • Protein molecule (enzyme), DNA molecule • Organelle (“tiny organs” within cells) • Mitochondria, nucleus, Golgi apparatus

3. Levels of Organization cont… • Cells • Specialized to perform a certain function • Ex: Cardiac cells are specialized to contract – help the heart beat • Tissue • 4 major types: epithelial, connective, muscle, nervous • Organ • Skin, kidney, heart, femur • Organ system • Skeletal system, digestive system • Organism • Human, cat

4. Anatomy • Study of the structure of an organism • Looks at the appearances, location and relationships of body parts • Example: How do the bones of the leg fit together? • Anatomy can be studied through dissection

5. Physiology • Study of the function of living organisms and its parts • How the body works

6. 3 Subdivisions of Physiology • Type of organism involved • Ex: plant physiology, human physiology • Organizational level being studied • Ex: Molecular physiology or cellular physiology • Systemic function being studied • Ex: respiratory physiology or cardiovascular physiology

7. Unifying Concept Structure is always related to Function (Structure determines Function) Body structures (anatomy) seemed “designed” to perform their function (physiology)

8. http://www.bbc.co.uk/blogs/olympics/phelps_438v2.jpg

9. Example within the Body: • Cilia (an organelle) • Structure: hair-like projection of cells • Found on the cells that make up the tissue lining of the respiratory tract • Function: trap and eliminate inhaled contaminants (dust and other allergens)

10. Review: • Anatomy is the study of? • Physiology is the study of? • ________ determines ________?

11. Which of the following correctly describes the levels of organization with the body? A: Subatomic particle  atom  macromolecule  molecule  cell  organelle  tissue  organ  organism  organ system B: molecule  macromolecule  subatomic particle  atom  organelle  cell  tissue  organ  organ system  organism C: subatomic particle  atom  molecule  macromolecule  organelle  cell  tissue  organ  organ system  organism

12. Characteristics of Life • What is life? • What does it mean to be alive? • What differentiates a functioning, living being from a dead body?

13. Characteristics of Life • Responsiveness • Allows an organism to sense, monitor and respond to changes in the environment • Ex: withdrawing from a painful stimuli (pinprick) • Conductivity • Cells and tissue transmit a wave of excitement from one point to another with the body • Ex: heart beat • Growth • Normal increase in the size or number of cells • Shape remain the same • Ex: bone growth

14. Characteristics of Life cont… • Respiration • Exchange of respiratory gases (oxygen & carbon dioxide) between an organism and the environment • Digestion • Food products are broken down into simpler substances that can be used by cells within the body • Ex: Lactose (the sugar in milk) is broken down by lactase (an enzyme) into glucose and galactose to be used by the body for energy

15. Characteristics of Life cont… • Absorption • Digested nutrients are absorbed through the digestive tract to be used by cells • Secretion • Production & delivery of specialized substances for diverse body functions • Ex: Pancreas secretes insulin • Excretion • Removal of wastes products • Ex: Renal system (kidneys) filter blood, remove wastes, wastes excreted in urine

16. Characteristics of Life cont…. • Circulation • Movement of body fluids throughout the body • Ex: blood carries oxygen throughout the body • Reproduction • Formation of new individuals • Ex: sexual reproduction • Formation of new cells via cell division (mitosis) • Ex: growth, wound repair

17. Metabolism Used to describe all the physical and chemical processes taking place within the body to maintain life.

18. Homeostasis • Body strives to maintain a constant internal environment • Ex: Temperature, water balance, blood sugar (fig 1-12) • Regulatory mechanisms within the body are responsible for maintaining homeostasis

19. Homeostatic Control Mechanisms • Groups of processes that maintain or restore the body’s internal homeostasis • Processes are known as feedback control systems (or loops) • 3 components: 1. Sensor (or receptor) 2. Integrator (Control Center) 3. Effector

20. Homeostatic Control Mechanisms

22. Negative Feedback Loop • Negative feedback systems are inhibitory • Oppose change within the body by creating an opposite response • Stabilize physiological variables • Help maintain homeostasis • Ex: temperature regulation (previous slide)

23. Positive Feedback Loops • Positive feedback loops are stimulatory • Amplify or reinforce changes within the body • Can be (not always) harmful because of the disruption of homeostasis • Ex: child birth

24. Positive Feedback Loop – Child Birth • During the delivery of an infant, the baby is pushed from the uterus (womb) into the birth canal Baby (stimulus)  stretch receptors (receptor/sensor) brain (control center)  oxytocin release (effector)  uterus contracts increasing the movement of the baby

25. Review Negative Feedback = inhibits Positive Feedback = stimulates

26. Anatomical Position • Reference position that gives meaning to the directional terms used to describe body parts and regions

27. Directional Terms Label the following on your handout: • Anterior/Posterior (9/11) • Ventral/Dorsal (9/11) • Superior/Inferior (10/6) • Proximal/Distal (7/12) • Lateral/Medial (8/4)

28. Subdivisions of the Body • Axial • Along the middle or axis • spine, ribs, skull • Appendicular • Appendages • Arms, legs

29. Body Cavities & Subdivision The body is not a solid structure – contains two main cavities: 1. Dorsal body cavity (8) • Cranial cavity (1) • Spinal cavity (2) 2. Ventral body cavity (7) • Thoracic cavity (4) • Mediastinum (9) • Pleural cavities (3) • Abdominal cavity (5) • Pelvic cavity (6)

30. Body Planes Transverse (1) Frontal or Coronal (3) Sagittal (5)

31. 4 Abdominal Quadrants • Right upper quadrant (RUQ) • Left upper quadrant (LUQ) • Right lower quadrant (RLQ) • Left lower quadrant (LLQ)

32. Mechanisms of Disease • Genetic Mechanisms • Altered or mutated genes code for abnormal proteins • Results in altered/abnormal structure • Abnormal structure = absence of function or abnormal or disruptive function • Overall result = disruption of body’s homeostasis

33. Mechanisms of Disease • Pathogenic Organisms (pathogenic = disease causing) • Prions: proteins that convert normal proteins in the nervous system to abnormal proteins • Abnormal protein can be inherited • Ex: mad cow disease • Viruses: Intracellular parasites that invade human cells and cause them to produce viral components

34. Mechanisms of Disease • Bacteria: Primitive cells that lack nuclei. Cause infection by parasitizing tissues and/or disrupting normal function • Fungi: Cannot make their own food so they parasitize on human tissue • Protozoa: Protist (unicellular organism), also parasitize human tissue • Pathogenic animals: Large multicellular organisms such as insects or worms • Parasitize human tissue via bite or sting • Ex: hook worm

35. Mechanisms of Disease • Tumors and cancer • Cause abnormal tissue growth • Abnormal structure = abnormal function • Physical & chemical agents • Toxic or destructive chemicals • Extreme hear or cold • Radiation **All affect normal homeostasis of the body**

36. Mechanisms of Disease • Malnutrition • Insufficient or imbalanced nutrient intake can cause various diseases • Ex: Low fiber/high fat diet is a known risk factor for colorectal cancer • Autoimmunity • Immune system attacks one’s own body • Systemic lupus erythematosus

37. Mechanisms of Disease • Inflammation • Normal response that occurs after an infection/injury • Damage occurs when inflammation occurs at inappropriate times or is abnormally prolonged • Degeneration • Still unknown process • Tissues break apart or degenerate • Results from disease or aging

38. Body Types Ectomorph: thin, fragile physique, small amount of body fat http://4.bp.blogspot.com/_bUCqkiK4wSk/ScKbtI_vRrI/AAAAAAAABDU/6I8K0srO8qE/s400/body_type21.jpg

39. Body Types Mesomorph: muscular build http://4.bp.blogspot.com/_bUCqkiK4wSk/ScKbtI_vRrI/AAAAAAAABDU/6I8K0srO8qE/s400/body_type21.jpg

40. Body Types Endomorph: Rounded figure, accumulations of fat in the thighs and midsection http://4.bp.blogspot.com/_bUCqkiK4wSk/ScKbtI_vRrI/AAAAAAAABDU/6I8K0srO8qE/s400/body_type21.jpg

41. Endomorph: Apple vs Pear Shape http://charlesgoldman.files.wordpress.com/2008/05/apple-vs-pear-nytimes-20073.jpg?w=400&h=320