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Entomology 462 Orders of Insects

Entomology 462 Orders of Insects. David J. Shetlar, Ph.D. The “BugDoc”. The Ohio State University, OARDC & OSU Extension Columbus, OH. Revised: September, 2007 - DJS. Class Hexapoda (the insects). Three tagmata – head, thorax, abdomen

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Entomology 462 Orders of Insects

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  1. Entomology 462 Orders of Insects David J. Shetlar, Ph.D. The “BugDoc” The Ohio State University, OARDC & OSU Extension Columbus, OH Revised: September, 2007 - DJS

  2. Class Hexapoda (the insects) • Three tagmata – head, thorax, abdomen • Thorax with three pairs of legs; normally two pairs of wings in adult stage • Head with one pair of antennae • Respiration by trachea • Terrestrial & fresh water inhabitants

  3. Class Hexapoda (all have one pair of antennae, a head, thorax & abdominal regions, three pair of legs, adults usually have wings, use trachea) Life Cycle Groups • Simple Metamorphosis (=incomplete) - egg, nymph, adult stages • Complete Metamorphosis - egg, larva, pupa, adult stages

  4. Egg Nymphal Adult Stage Stage Stage Incomplete Metamorphosis Example (hairy chinch bug) egg 1st 2nd 3rd 4th 5th adult instar instar instar instar instar

  5. Incomplete Metamorphosis Example (hairy chinch bug) egg 1st 2nd 3rd 4th 5th normal wing short wing instar instar instar instar instar adult adult Egg Nymphal Adult Stage Stage Stage

  6. Egg Larval Pupal Adult Stage Stage Stage Stage Complete Metamorphosis Example (May/June beetle) egg 1st 2nd 3rd pupa adult instar instar instar

  7. Egg Larval Pupal Adult Stage Stage Stage Stage Complete Metamorphosis Example (northern masked chafer) egg 1st 2nd 3rd pupa adult instar instar instar

  8. Hexapod Orders Entognathous Hexapods – Order Protura Order Collembola Order Diplura Ectognathous apterygote Hexapods – Order Microcoryphia Order Thysanura Pterygote Hexapods – (simple metamorphosis) Order Ephemeroptera Order Odonata Order Orthoptera Order Phasmatodea Order Dermaptera Order Plecoptera Order Isoptera (simple metamorphosis cont’d) Order Mantodea Order Blattodea Order Hemiptera Order Thysanoptera Order Psocoptera Order Phthiraptera (complete metamorphosis) Order Coleoptera Order Neuroptera Order Hymenoptera Order Trichoptera Order Lepidoptera Order Siphonaptera Order Diptera

  9. Orders of Insects (no metamorphosis) • Some consider these groups insect-like and place in different class or subclass. • Adults do not have wings and may molt after becoming mature • Thysanura - silverfish, firebrats • Collembola - springtails

  10. Thysanura (silverfish, firebrats; 0.4K spp.) [no wings as adults, 2-3 caudal appendages (two cerci and sometimes central telson); adults may continue to molt]

  11. Collembola (springtails; >6K spp.) [no wings as adults, caudal appendage designed for jumping (furcula & colliphore); adults may molt]

  12. Orders of Insects (simple metamorphosis) • Ephemeroptera - mayflies, shadflies • Odonata - dragonflies, damselflies • Orthoptera - grasshoppers, crickets, katydids • Dermaptera – earwigs • Plecoptera - stoneflies • Isoptera - termites

  13. Ephemeroptera (Mayflies, shadflies, Canadian soldiers; 2K spp.) [front wings large, triangular, held over body at rest; hind wings small or absent; aquatic nymphs with abdominal gills; caudal appendages (2 or 3) long; chewing mouthparts often non-functional in adult]

  14. Odonata (dragonflies and damselflies; 5K spp.) [front and hind wings narrow with many cross veins, membranous; aquatic nymphs (naiads) predatory with caudal or rectal gills; antennae bristlelike, no abdominal cerci; chewing mouthparts]

  15. Orthoptera (grasshoppers, crickets, Katydids; >20K spp.) [front wings leathery, hind wings folded like a fan, chewing mouthparts, two cerci - usually short]

  16. Dermaptera (earwigs; 1.8K spp.) [front wings short, leathery; hind wings double folded; abdominal cerci forceps-like; chewing mouthparts] Seashore earwig adult European earwig with eggs

  17. Plecoptera (stoneflies; 2K spp.) [front wings narrow; hind wings folded fanlike; aquatic nymphs (naiads) with abdominal gills; abdominal cerci straight, moderately long; chewing mouthparts]

  18. Isoptera (termites; >2.3K spp.) [social insects, winged reproductives with both wings same size and membranous; straight or curved antennae consists of beadlike segments; abdomen broadly joined to thorax; one to two-segmented cerci; chewing mouthparts]

  19. Orders of Insects (incomplete metamorphosis cont’d) • Mantoidea – mantids • Blattodea – cockroaches • Hemiptera - true bugs & bug-like insects • Thysanoptera - thrips • Psocoptera - barklice, booklice • Phthiraptera - biting & sucking lice

  20. Mantodea (mantids, praying mantis; ~1.8K spp.) [front legs raptorial (modified for grasping), prothroax elongated, chewing mouthparts, two short cerci]

  21. Blattodea (cockroaches; <4K spp.) [body flattened and oval, front wings leathery, hind wings folded like a fan, chewing mouthparts, two short cerci]

  22. Hemiptera (s.o. Heteroptera) (true bugs; 23K spp.) [front wings half leathery & half membranous; hind wings membranous; usually long antennae; sucking mouthparts arise from front of head]

  23. Hemiptera (s.o. Auchenorrhyncha) (buglike insects: cicadas, leaf, plant & tree hoppers; 33K spp.) [front wings same texture throughout, leathery or membranous (wings often absent); long or bristlelike antennae; sucking mouthparts arise from back of head or between front legs]

  24. Hemiptera (s.o. Sternorrhyncha) (buglike insects: psyllids, whiteflies, aphids, mealybugs, & scales)

  25. Thysanoptera (thrips; 4.5K spp.) [small; front and hind wings bladelike with hair fringe, often absent; mouthparts modified rasping sucking; antennae short]

  26. Psocoptera (psocids, booklice, barklice; >3K spp.) [front wings with reduced venation; hind wings reduced or absent; wings often absent; distinctive frontal bulge on head; long antennae; chewing mouthparts; booklice are extremely flattened]

  27. Phthiraptera (Mallophaga) (biting lice; 2.7K spp.) [very flat, small; no wings; chewing mouthparts; external parasites of birds and mammals] Chicken biting louse

  28. Phthiraptera (Anoplura) (sucking lice; 0.3K spp.) [small, flattened; no wings; sucking mouthparts; external parasites of mammals] Human head louse Human crab louse

  29. Orders of Insects (complete metamorphosis) • Coleoptera – beetles • Neuroptera - dobsonfly, lacewings • Hymenoptera - sawflies , bees, wasps • Tricoptera - caddisflies • Lepidoptera - butterflies & moths • Siphonaptera - fleas • Diptera - gnats, mosquitoes, flies

  30. Coleoptera (beetles & weevils; >300K spp.) [front wings shelllike, usually covering abdomen; hind wings membranous, folded under forewings; antennae variable, but evident; chewing mouthparts; larvae variously shaped - elongate, grublike, etc.] Ground beetle Passalid beetle Ground beetle larva

  31. Coleoptera (beetles & weevils; >300K spp.) Lady beetle Rove beetle May/June beetle Bluegrass billbug adult & larva

  32. Neuroptera (dobsonfly, lacewings, antlions; 5.5K spp.) [two pair wings with numerous veins, elongate larvae with elongate mandibles, larvae & adults usually predatory] Green lacewing adult Eggs Cocoon Larva

  33. Hymenoptera (bees, wasps, sawflies; 115K spp.) [front wings large, hind wings smaller, both membraneous; chewing mouthparts; some with stings - modified ovipositors; larvae caterpillar-like, sawflies; or maggot-like] Redheaded pine sawfly adult, larvae, & pupae

  34. Hymenoptera (bees, wasps, sawflies; 115K spp.) Aphid wasp parasitizing aphid Ichneumonid wasp attacking wood-boring larva Yellowjacket wasp Acrobat ants

  35. Trichoptera (caddisflies; >7K spp.) [mothlike adults but no scales on wings; front wings narrow, often covered with hairs; larvae caterpillar-like and aquatic]

  36. Lepidoptera (butterflies, moths, caterpillars; 150K spp.) [front and hind wings generally covered with scales; adult mouthparts a sucking tube, larvae have chewing mouthparts and prolegs on abdomen] Cranberry girdler moth Luna moth Red admiral butterfly

  37. Lepidoptera (butterflies, moths, caterpillars; 150K spp.) Fiery skipper butterfly – adult, egg, larva & pupa in cocoon

  38. Siphonaptera (fleas; 2.4K spp.) [wingless, extoparasitic adults; laterally compressed; jumping hind legs; larvae have chewing mouthparts and resemble midge larvae] Cat flea adult and larva

  39. Diptera (flies, midges, mosquitoes; >150K spp.) [front wings membranous; hind wings reduced to small balance organ - haltere; mouthparts piercing-sucking or sponging sucking; larvae wireworm shaped or maggots with chewing or rasping mouthparts] Mosquito House fly Moth fly

  40. Diptera (flies, midges, mosquitoes; >150K spp.) Fruit fly Hover fly adult (on flower), eggs near aphids and larva eating aphids

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