The question is about how to communicate scientific knowledge about climate change.

1. Communication of difficult science ideas in nuclear and climate scienceGordon J. Aubrecht, IISOS/AAPT, 1 October 2011

2. Abstract:Unless something is done, millennium-length consequences of the greenhouse gases we have already released will cause harm to the planet. Groups of people supported by political forces and money have decided that denial of scientific data is not only reasonable, but a moral force that opposes that of stewardship. I characterize these people as “denialists,” to distinguish them from true skeptics, scientists who must be skeptical to do their work.Denialists have succored the people who just want the problem to go away by sowing doubt about scientific integrity and distorting the meaning of scientific uncertainty. How scientists can change the framing of the issue and how individual scientists can influence the public through reasoning withfellow citizens and writing letters to their local papers countering misinformation is the focus of this talk.

3. Oh what a tangled web we weave, When first we practise to deceive!—Sir Walter Scott, Marmion, Canto vi. Stanza 17

4. The question is about how to communicate scientific knowledge about climate change.

5. Psychologists and sociologists have been studying this phenomenon.

6. Denialist: “refusal to accept an empirically verifiable reality. It is an essentially irrational action that withholds validation of a historical experience or event.”

7. Those who have serious or plausible arguments against aspects of anthropogenic climate change are skeptics and are consonant with science, while those who take an anti-climate-change position as a matter of ideology or faith are denialists.

8. The media present a problem at times.“[T]hose with significant interest in maintaining the fossil-fuel intensive status quo have deliberately created a public perception of a lack of scientific consensus and greater uncertainty about the extent and causes of modern climate change, suggesting that a wait-and-see stance is the most responsible and scientifically justified course of action.”

9. “The exonerations haven’t generated anything like the intense media coverage that the initial scandal did. Newspapers have typically covered them with small stories far removed from the front page — or ignored them altogether. ‘The accusations were on A1, the exonerations are usually on A15,’ said Aaron Huertas, press secretary for the Union of Concerned Scientists.”D. R. Baker, SF Chronicle, 20 July 2010

10. Clear communication is prized by scientists, but that is mainly accomplished by our use of the universal language of mathematics to reduce semantic confusion. We needed to attend graduate school to learn from equations. Laypeople cannot easily follow our understanding of information.

11. What physicists can do to start:•We can give our students actual physical experiences to discuss and build their own understanding. •We can be clear about the meaning of the word “theory” in science, that it is far more than a proffered idea that is expressed, as many laypeople think.

12. •We can give them access to the science of (in this case) climate change.•We can explain the tentativeness of our understanding, explain that models are not actual reality but a close approach, and that, the better the model, the better the correspondence with observation. •All understanding in all science is subject to change should disproof occur.

13. Student / citizen perception problems:“invisible” causes (one can’t see the carbon dioxide problem out the window); temporally and spatially distant impacts (it will happen to other people, and in the distant future); insulation of modern-day humans from our environment (there is not as much vulnerability to weather); delay or absence of gratification for taking action (“no individual alive today will see Earth’s climate return to its state under current, much less pre-industrial concentrations of greenhouse gases and temperatures”);

14. inability to encompass the scale of the change in ability due to adoption of technology (“it was both rational and an evolutionary advantage to focus only on the here and now” [4]); complexity of the issue; uncertainty (misused as an excuse to do nothing by denialists); and weak signaling of the need for change (for example, relatively cheap fossil fuel prices).

15. Framing: The way we describe a situation can prejudice a person to respond a certain way. (Example, explaining to the privileged white males that they would have to give up some privileges getting them to want to deny climate change because it might endanger those privileges.)

16. From “Stuff white people like: denying climate change”By David Roberts2 Aug 2011 4:11 PM“… conservative white men are far more likely to deny the threat of climate change than other people.” …“First there’s the “white male effect” -- generally speaking, white males are less concerned with a variety of risks. This probably has to do with the fact that they are less exposed to risk than other demographics, what with running things and all.“Then, as Chris Mooney notes, there’s the ‘social dominance orientation’ of conservatives, who see social life as following the law of the jungle. One’s choice is to dominate or be dominated; that is the natural order of things. Such folk are leery of climate change solutions premised on fairness or egalitarianism.

17. “Then there are the well-understood ‘system-justifying tendencies’ of conservatives. The authors explain that conservatives ...strongly display tendencies to justify and defend the current social and economic system. Conservatives dislike change and uncertainty and attempt to simplify complexity.“Further, conservative white males have disproportionately occupied positions of power within our economic system. Given the expansive challenge that climate change poses to the industrial capitalist economic system, it should not be surprising that conservative white males’ strong system-justifying attitudes would be triggered to deny climate change.“Finally, there’s ‘identity-protective cognition,’ a notion borrowed from Dan Kahan at Yale.”

18. Mental models—mental shortcuts and heuristics people employ to ‘manage’ cognitive and emotional complexity—tend to be ill-suited to respond to climate change adequately.

19. Mental models based on frames can focus on promotion or prevention. People with the former view see goals as ideals and “are concerned with advancement.” People with the latter view see the goal as something they must attain and “are concerned with maintaining the status quo.”

20. Sterman & Sweeney study of graduate students at MIT:“We find significant misperceptions of basic climate dynamics in a population of graduate students at an elite university. ... [A] large majority violate fundamental physical constraints including conservation of mass. Most believe atmospheric greenhouse gas concentrations can be stabilized even as emissions into the atmosphere continuously exceed removal of GHGs from it, analogous to arguing a bathtub filled faster than it drains will never overflow. These beliefs favor wait-and-see policies, but violate basic laws of physics.”

21. These educated people assume climate is a first-order linear system and discount climate inertia — that warming is committed even if it has not yet actually occurred.

22. If flawed mental models can emerge in this highly-educated group, they are likely also to be widespread among the less-educated populace. Such “popular” models should not be allowed to be the basis of policy.

23. Confirmation biasPeople to look for and accept readily any evidence that supports a view they currently hold and to discredit data that does not support that view, perhaps even refusing to hear it.

24. Plausibility matters“People tend to find some individuals or professionals (e.g., scientists, environmental groups) more trustworthy on certain issues than others (e.g., ‘the media,’ industry representatives). This fact has been exploited by (cont’d)

25. ‘climate contrarians,’ who have used PhD-carrying messengers (even if they were not active climate scientists) to convey a contradictory message to lay audiences otherwise ill-equipped to judge the accuracy or reasonableness of their arguments.”

26. What about those “1000 climate scientists” who supposedly disbelieve human-caused climate change? (Sen. Inhofe as climate expert?)Also, what about the notorious Oregon Petition Project now has a list of “31,000 scientists and engineers” who do not support human-caused climate change.

27. This OISM “list” has been found to be mainly specious. The scientists and engineers consist of “all persons who have received a bachelor’s degree or higher in a science, engineering (S&E), or S&E-related field.”

28. The respect still accorded scientists may lead to less antagonism and greater open-mindedness among our listeners as we teach and interact with fellow citizens.

29. Proximity mattersThings matter more if they mean something personal to the listener or discussant. If something happens close by, it matters more than for something that happens farther away.

30. Proximity mattersIf something happens today, it matters more than something happening tomorrow, next week, next year, or in twenty years. IPCC focuses on 2050 and 2100, which may complicate responses.

31. Response times matter People have a bias that only things that happen quickly are worthy of notice. This leads them to discount things that occur slowly and to disbelieve that there can be long intervals between replenishing (of a clean atmosphere, for example).

32. Scales matterPeople see 2 °C and think it is so small that it does not really matter. They see the oceans and think puny humans could not affect such a huge and awesome thing. Mental ideas of the appropriate scale interfere with our understanding.

33. Human heuristics, which were designed for rapid response to immediate environmental threats such as predators, can fail us.

35. We have suggested several ideas that teachers should bear in mind when discussing any apparently controversial issue such as climate change.

36. Summary:•Filling the “information deficit”is necessary but not sufficient.(Give students experience with nature, help them know what theory means, know that science works by disproof rather than proof, and communicate in words, not just equations or jargon.) •Pay attention to mental models and framing.•Pay attention to confirmation bias.•Plausibility matters—scientists are plausible.•Proximity matters (spatially & temporally).•Response times matter (fast vs. slow).•Scales matter.