Realizing Plants Full Potential: Electricity from Biomass

1. Realizing Plants� Full Potential: Electricity from Biomass By Becky Schanz and Megan Garvey Chicago-Kent College of Law Energy Law Presentation* bjschanz@earthlink.net mgarvey03@aol.com This powerpoint presentation was for Professor Bosselman�s Energy Law class.This powerpoint presentation was for Professor Bosselman�s Energy Law class.

2. Overview of Presentation Introduction and Background Technologies that Produce Electricity from Biomass Legal Aspects Conclusion

3. Biomass: Biomass is plant matter or other biological material, such as trees, grasses, or agricultural crops. On average, biomass is made of 75% carbohydrates and 25% lignin. Lignin forms the woody cell walls of the plants. Dept of Energy http://www.eere.energy.gov/biopower/basics/index.htm Dept of Energyhttp://www.eere.energy.gov/biopower/basics/ba_faqs.htm Merriam-Webster Online Dictionary � definition of lignin http://www.m-w.com/cgi-bin/dictionary?book=Dictionary&va=ligninDept of Energy http://www.eere.energy.gov/biopower/basics/index.htm Dept of Energyhttp://www.eere.energy.gov/biopower/basics/ba_faqs.htm Merriam-Webster Online Dictionary � definition of lignin http://www.m-w.com/cgi-bin/dictionary?book=Dictionary&va=lignin

4. Biomass Wood and Wood products Dept of Energy http://www.eere.energy.gov/biopower/pictures/biomass.htmDept of Energy http://www.eere.energy.gov/biopower/pictures/biomass.htm

5. Biomass Agricultural Biproducts and Residues Dept of Energy http://www.eere.energy.gov/biopower/pictures/biomass.htmDept of Energy http://www.eere.energy.gov/biopower/pictures/biomass.htm

6. Biomass Trees, shrubs, grasses and other energy crops Typically fast growing The Dept of Energy selected switchgrass, willow and poplar to grow directly for use as biomass. http://bioenergy.ornl.gov/faqs/index.html http://www.eere.energy.gov/biopower/pictures/biomass.htmThe Dept of Energy selected switchgrass, willow and poplar to grow directly for use as biomass. http://bioenergy.ornl.gov/faqs/index.html http://www.eere.energy.gov/biopower/pictures/biomass.htm

7. Bioenergy: Bioenergy or biomass energy is any fuel, electric power, or useful chemical product derived from organic matter. Bioenergy can be derived either directly from the plants or indirectly from plant-derived wastes and residues. Energy is derived from the plants when they absorb energy on land and that energy is naturally recycled during the plant�s life until it is radiated away as low-temperature heat. Biomass energy is captured when the energy is being stored as a fuel. Oak Ridge National Laboratory http://bioenergy.ornl.gov/faqs/index.html. Oak Ridge National Laboratory http://bioenergy.ornl.gov/faqs/index.htmlEnergy is derived from the plants when they absorb energy on land and that energy is naturally recycled during the plant�s life until it is radiated away as low-temperature heat. Biomass energy is captured when the energy is being stored as a fuel. Oak Ridge National Laboratory http://bioenergy.ornl.gov/faqs/index.html. Oak Ridge National Laboratory http://bioenergy.ornl.gov/faqs/index.html

8. Environmental Factors Generates same amount of heat and carbon dioxide as from natural processes. Renewable energy source Reduces erosion by preserving soil Burning biomass generates no more heat or carbon dioxide than would be generated from natural processes. As long as the consumption of biomass doesn�t exceed the natural level of recycling, it is a renewable energy source that does not disturb the natural biogeochemical cycle. Oak Ridge National Laboratory http://bioenergy.ornl.gov/faqs/index.html http://bioenergy.ornl.gov/faqs/index.html Dept of Energy http://www.eere.energy.gov/biopower/pictures/biomassenvironment.htmBurning biomass generates no more heat or carbon dioxide than would be generated from natural processes. As long as the consumption of biomass doesn�t exceed the natural level of recycling, it is a renewable energy source that does not disturb the natural biogeochemical cycle. Oak Ridge National Laboratory http://bioenergy.ornl.gov/faqs/index.html http://bioenergy.ornl.gov/faqs/index.html Dept of Energy http://www.eere.energy.gov/biopower/pictures/biomassenvironment.htm

9. Environmental Factors Provides a habitat for wildlife species Provides moisture retention and shade, which cools our atmosphere. Most wood used is remnants from the logging industry, such as tree tops and wood chips. Burning biomass generates no more heat or carbon dioxide than would be generated from natural processes. As long as the consumption of biomass doesn�t exceed the natural level of recycling, it is a renewable energy source that does not disturb the natural biogeochemical cycle. Oak Ridge National Laboratory http://bioenergy.ornl.gov/faqs/index.html http://bioenergy.ornl.gov/faqs/index.html Dept of Energy http://www.eere.energy.gov/biopower/pictures/biomassenvironment.htm http://www.eere.energy.gov/biopower/bplib/library/li_gasart.html Burning biomass generates no more heat or carbon dioxide than would be generated from natural processes. As long as the consumption of biomass doesn�t exceed the natural level of recycling, it is a renewable energy source that does not disturb the natural biogeochemical cycle. Oak Ridge National Laboratory http://bioenergy.ornl.gov/faqs/index.html http://bioenergy.ornl.gov/faqs/index.html Dept of Energy http://www.eere.energy.gov/biopower/pictures/biomassenvironment.htm http://www.eere.energy.gov/biopower/bplib/library/li_gasart.html

10. Reliability The United States has an estimated 65-90 billion tons of dry matter. At 2000 energy use levels, this biomass could supply 14-19 years of energy. The Department of Energy states that all of the biomass available now has an energy content that would produce an estimated 2,740 Quads. 1 Quad = 1,000,000,000,000,000 Btus Btu = British Thermal Unit = A unit of heat energy equal to the heat needed to raise the temperature of one pound of water from 60�F to 61�F at one atmosphere pressure. Dept of Energy http://www.eere.energy.gov/biopower/basics/ba_glossary.htm#B http://www.eere.energy.gov/biopower/basics/ba_faqs.htm Oak Ridge National Laboratory http://bioenergy.ornl.gov/faqs/index.htmlBtu = British Thermal Unit = A unit of heat energy equal to the heat needed to raise the temperature of one pound of water from 60�F to 61�F at one atmosphere pressure. Dept of Energy http://www.eere.energy.gov/biopower/basics/ba_glossary.htm#B http://www.eere.energy.gov/biopower/basics/ba_faqs.htm Oak Ridge National Laboratory http://bioenergy.ornl.gov/faqs/index.html

11. US Sources of Biomass Woody biomass is mainly in the Southeast, Northeast, Pacific Northwest, and Upper Great Lakes Region. Herbaceous/grassy biomass is in the Midwest. Cropland is in the Midwest, Lower Great Lakes Region, and Mississippi delta. Dept of Energy http://www.eere.energy.gov/biopower/basics/index.htm http://www.eere.energy.gov/state_energy/tech_biomass.cfm?state=KYWoody biomass is mainly in the Southeast, Northeast, Pacific Northwest, and Upper Great Lakes Region. Herbaceous/grassy biomass is in the Midwest. Cropland is in the Midwest, Lower Great Lakes Region, and Mississippi delta. Dept of Energy http://www.eere.energy.gov/biopower/basics/index.htm http://www.eere.energy.gov/state_energy/tech_biomass.cfm?state=KY

12. US Electricity Generation Dept of Energy http://www.eere.energy.gov/consumerinfo/refbriefs/da8.html Contribution of Renewable Energy to the U.S. Energy Supply Dept of Energy http://www.eere.energy.gov/consumerinfo/refbriefs/da8.html Contribution of Renewable Energy to the U.S. Energy Supply

13. US Biomass Generation The US is the largest biopower generator. It produces 37 billion kWh of biomass electricity which requires about 60 million tons of biomass a year. The US has more than 7,000 MW of installed capacity. We have about $15 billion invested and 66,000 jobs. Dept of Energy http://eere.energy.gov/biopower/basics/index.htm Oak Ridge National Laboratory http://bioenergy.ornl.gov/faqs.index.htmlDept of Energy http://eere.energy.gov/biopower/basics/index.htm Oak Ridge National Laboratory http://bioenergy.ornl.gov/faqs.index.html

14. Biomass Potential in Illinois Union of Concerned Scientists did a study of biomass potential in Illinois. The biomass fuel source is switchgrass, crop residues, and solid waste. The price of 5 cents per kW hour of electricity has the potential to supply 4% of power in Illinois, which is almost 700,000 households. At 6 cents a kWh the potential is to supply more than 40%. http://www.ucsusa.org/clean_energy/archive/page.cfm?pageID=867 Union of Concerned ScientistsUnion of Concerned Scientists did a study of biomass potential in Illinois. The biomass fuel source is switchgrass, crop residues, and solid waste. The price of 5 cents per kW hour of electricity has the potential to supply 4% of power in Illinois, which is almost 700,000 households. At 6 cents a kWh the potential is to supply more than 40%. http://www.ucsusa.org/clean_energy/archive/page.cfm?pageID=867 Union of Concerned Scientists

15. Biomass Usage Dept of Energy http://www.eere.energy.gov/biopower/bplib/library/li_snowpapr.htmDept of Energy http://www.eere.energy.gov/biopower/bplib/library/li_snowpapr.htm

16. Marketing & Incentives Green Power Marketing provides choices for consumers to purchase power from renewable or environmentally friendly sources. Customers also pay a premium to support investment in renewable energy technologies. http://www.eere.energy.gov/RE/bio_biopower.html US Dept of Energy, Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energyhttp://www.eere.energy.gov/RE/bio_biopower.html US Dept of Energy, Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy

17. Marketing & Incentives The EPA Combined Heat and Power Partnership program is a voluntary partnership between EPA, combined heat and power (CHP) industry, utilities, and state and local governments that create CHP programs. http://www.eere.energy.gov/aro/pdfs/fellner.pdf Dept of Energyhttp://www.eere.energy.gov/aro/pdfs/fellner.pdf Dept of Energy

18. Biomass Uses for Energy Heating � stoves, process heat Cooking � developing world Transportation � ethanol Electric Power Production Heating is used as process heat in bioprocessing industries. Cooking is mainly in the developing world. It�s used to produce ethanol. Dept of Energy http://www.eere.energy.gov/biopower/basics/ba_faqs.htmHeating is used as process heat in bioprocessing industries. Cooking is mainly in the developing world. It�s used to produce ethanol. Dept of Energy http://www.eere.energy.gov/biopower/basics/ba_faqs.htm

19. Technologies used to Produce Electricity from Biomass Direct Combustion - burning biomass with excess air to produce steam Dept of Energy http://www.eere.energy.gov/RE/bio_biopower.html http://www.eere.energy.gov/biopower/technologies/index.htm - PictureDept of Energy http://www.eere.energy.gov/RE/bio_biopower.html http://www.eere.energy.gov/biopower/technologies/index.htm - Picture

20. Technologies (cont.) Co-Firing � replaces part of the coal with biomass, as a supplementary energy source. Dept of Energy http://www.eere.energy.gov/biopower/technologies.index.htm Dept of Energy http://www.eere.energy.gov/biopower/technologies.index.htm

21. Technologies (cont.) Gasification � heat biomass without oxygen to produce a calorific gas Calorific � of or relating to heat production. Merriam-Webster Dictionary - http://www.m-w.com/cgi-bin/dictionary?book=Dictionary&va=caloric Dept of Energy http://www.eere.energy.gov/biopower/technologies/index.htmCalorific � of or relating to heat production. Merriam-Webster Dictionary - http://www.m-w.com/cgi-bin/dictionary?book=Dictionary&va=caloric Dept of Energy http://www.eere.energy.gov/biopower/technologies/index.htm

22. Technologies (cont.) Small Modular Bio-Power � develops small, efficient, clean biopower systems Dept of Energy http://www.eere.energy.gov/biopower/technologies/index.htm Dept of Energy http://www.eere.energy.gov/biopower/technologies/index.htm

23. Direct-Fired Combustion Oxidation of air and biomass Produces hot flue gases that produce steam Steam generates electricity in generators It�s the 2nd most used renewable power generation resource in the United States. Dept of Energy http://www.eere.energy.gov/biopower/technologies/index.htm http://www.eere.energy.gov/power/pdfs/direct_fire_bio.pdf It�s the 2nd most used renewable power generation resource in the United States. Dept of Energy http://www.eere.energy.gov/biopower/technologies/index.htm http://www.eere.energy.gov/power/pdfs/direct_fire_bio.pdf

24. Direct-Fired Biomass System Oxidation of air and biomass. Produces hot flue gases that produce steam. Steam generates electricity in generators Dept of Energy http://www.eere.energy.gov/power/pdfs/direct_fire_bio.pdf Direct-Fired BiomassOxidation of air and biomass. Produces hot flue gases that produce steam. Steam generates electricity in generators Dept of Energy http://www.eere.energy.gov/power/pdfs/direct_fire_bio.pdf Direct-Fired Biomass

25. Small-Modular Systems Less than 5 MW Potential to power villages Consist of power generation attached to the transmission and distribution grid, which is close to the end consumer. Potential to supply 2.5 billion people who are currently without electricity. Dept of Energy http://www.eere.energy.gov/biopower/projects/ia_tech_sm.htmDept of Energy http://www.eere.energy.gov/biopower/projects/ia_tech_sm.htm

26. Gasification Two processes: Pyrolysis � releases volatile compounds of the fuel Bigger role here than in coal fired plants Char Conversion � carbon remaining after pyrolysis reacts with steam and/or oxygen (combustion) Biomass has high reactivity Gasification is the process that converts raw solid biomass materials to a clear fuel gas. The gas can be used to power gas turbines, fuel cells, or reciprocating engines. Dept of Energy http://www.eere.energy.gov/biopower/technologies/index.htm Biomass fuels have 70-86% volatile components, where coal only has 30%. Therefore, pyrolysis is a larger role in biomass gasification than in the coal process. Because of the high reactivity of the biomass fuel, all of the biomass fuel is generally converted to gasification products in one pass through the system. Dept of Energy www.eere.energy.gov/consumerinfo/pdfs/bio_gasification.pdf www.eere.energy.gov/consumerinfo/pdfs/bio_gasification.pdfGasification is the process that converts raw solid biomass materials to a clear fuel gas. The gas can be used to power gas turbines, fuel cells, or reciprocating engines. Dept of Energy http://www.eere.energy.gov/biopower/technologies/index.htm Biomass fuels have 70-86% volatile components, where coal only has 30%. Therefore, pyrolysis is a larger role in biomass gasification than in the coal process. Because of the high reactivity of the biomass fuel, all of the biomass fuel is generally converted to gasification products in one pass through the system. Dept of Energy www.eere.energy.gov/consumerinfo/pdfs/bio_gasification.pdf www.eere.energy.gov/consumerinfo/pdfs/bio_gasification.pdf

27. Types of Gasifiers Direct Gasifier Indirect Gasifier Dept of Energy www.eere.energy.gov/consumerinfo/pdfs/bio_gasification.pdfDept of Energy www.eere.energy.gov/consumerinfo/pdfs/bio_gasification.pdf

28. Direct Gasifier Direct Gasifiers � pryrolysis, gasification and combustion all take place in one vessel Dept of Energy www.eere.energy.gov/consumerinfo/pdfs/bio_gasification.pdf http://www.eere.energy.gov/biopower/bplib/library/li_gasification.htm Dept of Energy BioPowerDirect Gasifiers � pryrolysis, gasification and combustion all take place in one vessel Dept of Energy www.eere.energy.gov/consumerinfo/pdfs/bio_gasification.pdf http://www.eere.energy.gov/biopower/bplib/library/li_gasification.htm Dept of Energy BioPower

29. Indirect Gasifier Indirect Gasifiers � pyrolysis and gasification occur in one vessel and combustion occurs in a separate vessel www.eere.energy.gov/consumerinfo/pdfs/bio_gasification.pdf http://www.eere.energy.gov/biopower/bplib/library/li_gasification.htm Dept of Energy BiopowerIndirect Gasifiers � pyrolysis and gasification occur in one vessel and combustion occurs in a separate vessel www.eere.energy.gov/consumerinfo/pdfs/bio_gasification.pdf http://www.eere.energy.gov/biopower/bplib/library/li_gasification.htm Dept of Energy Biopower

30. Gasification Process � Direct Gasifier Plant gets wood chips Biomass is gasified Air is extracted from the gas turbine and fed into the gasifier Gasification steam is extracted. Remaining fuel gases are cooled. Dept of Energy www.eere.energy.gov/consumerinfo/pdfs/bio_gasification.pdfDept of Energy www.eere.energy.gov/consumerinfo/pdfs/bio_gasification.pdf

31. Gasification Process � Direct Gasifier Fuel gas combusts and produces electric power and a high temperature exhaust steam Exhaust steam expands in a steam turbine to produce additional power Steam is extracted and electricity is sent to a substation No sulfur removal process is required because the fuel is so low in sulfur. Dept of Energy www.eere.energy.gov/consumerinfo/pdfs/bio_gasification.pdfNo sulfur removal process is required because the fuel is so low in sulfur. Dept of Energy www.eere.energy.gov/consumerinfo/pdfs/bio_gasification.pdf

32. Generating Capacity The United States has about 7 GW of grid-connected biomass generating capacity. Coal-fired electric units are 297 GW of capacity, which is about 43% of total generating capacity. Dept of Energy www.eere.energy.gov/consumerinfo/pdfs/bio_gasification.pdfDept of Energy www.eere.energy.gov/consumerinfo/pdfs/bio_gasification.pdf

33. Vermont Project Vermont has the first industrial biomass gasification process located in Burlington. The process integrates a high-throughput gasifier with a high-efficiency gas turbine. Circulating hot sand surrounds the biomass particles and the particles break down and produce gas. This project uses an indirect gasifier system. Dept of Energy http://www.eere.energy.gov/biopower/bplib/library/li_gasart.htmlDept of Energy http://www.eere.energy.gov/biopower/bplib/library/li_gasart.html

34. Vermont Project http://www.westbioenergy.org/lessons/les04.htmhttp://www.westbioenergy.org/lessons/les04.htm

35. Hawaii Project Hawaii Biomass Gasifier is part of the DOE�s initiative to demonstrate a gasification system to turn biomass into electricity. Its goal is to provide competitive electric power. The plant uses maple wood chips, California highway clippings, paddy rice straw, fuel from refuse, bark, paper mill sludge, and alfalfa. This project uses a direct gasifier system. Dept of Energy http://www.eere.energy.gov/biopower/bplib/library/ligascd.htmDept of Energy http://www.eere.energy.gov/biopower/bplib/library/ligascd.htm

36. Advantages of Gasification Biomass closes the carbon system and therefore reduces emissions. Biomass is low in sulfur Biomass contains .05 to .20 % of weight is sulfur Coal contains 2-3% of weight is sulfur Dept of Energy www.eere.energy.gov/consumerinfo/pdfs/bio_gasification.pdf Biomass Picture http://www.eere.energy.gov/biopower/pictures/biomass.htm Coal picture www.gsw.edu/~tjw/ sedrx2.htm Dept of Energy www.eere.energy.gov/consumerinfo/pdfs/bio_gasification.pdf Biomass Picture http://www.eere.energy.gov/biopower/pictures/biomass.htm Coal picture www.gsw.edu/~tjw/ sedrx2.htm

37. Advantages of Gasification Operates at a lower temperature and wider variety of feedstocks than direct combustion systems. Can produce a Btu gas that is interchangeable with natural gas. Produces nitrogen free gas. Less landfill waste. Future technologies are being developed Fuel Cell Systems Feedstocks are environmentally acceptable crops that are produced in large quantities for a low-cost high quality biomass. Energy crops are fast-growing crops grown for the purpose of producing energy. http://bioenergy.ornl.gov/faqs/index.html Dept of Energy www.eere.energy.gov/consumerinfo/pdfs/bio_gasification.pdf http://www.eere.energy.gov/biopower/bplib/library.li_gasart.htmlFeedstocks are environmentally acceptable crops that are produced in large quantities for a low-cost high quality biomass. Energy crops are fast-growing crops grown for the purpose of producing energy. http://bioenergy.ornl.gov/faqs/index.html Dept of Energy www.eere.energy.gov/consumerinfo/pdfs/bio_gasification.pdf http://www.eere.energy.gov/biopower/bplib/library.li_gasart.html

38. Disadvantages of Gasification Some biomass plants have closed because of deregulation of the electric utility industry. Hard to compete with cheaper sources, such as coal, oil, and nuclear. Small amounts of tar are released in the gas. The tar can coat parts of the pipe or the equipment. Catalyst reactor has been developed to decrease the amount of tar to parts-per-million. Dept of Energy http://www.eere.energy.gov/biopower/bplib/li_gasification.htm http://www.eere.energy.gov/biopower/bplib/library/li_gasart.htmlDept of Energy http://www.eere.energy.gov/biopower/bplib/li_gasification.htm http://www.eere.energy.gov/biopower/bplib/library/li_gasart.html

39. Disadvantages of Gasfication Still a new technology and the Vermont Plant has not been able to operate continuously yet for a sustained period of days or weeks. Over storage of wood fuel can lead to odor problems and spontaneous combustion. http://www.westbioenergy.org/lessons/les04.htmhttp://www.westbioenergy.org/lessons/les04.htm

40. Present and Future Costs Steam Turbine is present day technology and Advanced Gasification � how cheap it�s expected to be in the future. Chart � http://bioenergy.ornl.gov/faqs/index.html Oak Ridge National LaboratorySteam Turbine is present day technology and Advanced Gasification � how cheap it�s expected to be in the future. Chart � http://bioenergy.ornl.gov/faqs/index.html Oak Ridge National Laboratory

41. Costs Capital costs of building a biomass-fired steam turbine plant is about $2000-2500 per KW of installed capacity. These costs are expected to decrease in the future. The high capital cost is a function of small plant size. The small plant size also increases operating costs in terms of capacity per employee. Oak Ridge National Laboratory http://bioenergy.ornl.gov/faqs/index.htmlThe high capital cost is a function of small plant size. The small plant size also increases operating costs in terms of capacity per employee. Oak Ridge National Laboratory http://bioenergy.ornl.gov/faqs/index.html

42. Future of Gasification Gasification has a bright future, once the technology is fine-tuned. If the cost of the process decreases as expected, it will be able to compete economically with current energy sources.

43. Co-Firing Biomass with Coal and the Legal/Governmental Incentives for Biomass as a Renewable A biomass fuel handling facility, which directly meters biomass onto the coal conveyor belts at the Wallerawang Power Station, Australia (http://www.ieabcc.nl/overview/cocombustion.html)A biomass fuel handling facility, which directly meters biomass onto the coal conveyor belts at the Wallerawang Power Station, Australia (http://www.ieabcc.nl/overview/cocombustion.html)

44. Co-firing Biomass with Coal to produce Electricity What is Co-firing? The simultaneous combustion of biomass and coal in a pre-existing boiler of a traditional coal-fired power plant 2 Methods Blending (+) Least expensive (-) Limited amounts; higher possibility of damage Separate Feed (+) greater emission reductions; greater amounts of biomass tolerates; less harmful to existing boiler (-) requires more resources (equipment, $) http://www.fwc.com/cgi-bin/; Co-firing Biomass in Coal-fired Boilers (Foster Wheeler Development Corporation Review)http://www.fwc.com/cgi-bin/; Co-firing Biomass in Coal-fired Boilers (Foster Wheeler Development Corporation Review)

45. One form of �blending� is directly adding biomass to the coal-belt. http://www.ieabcc.nl/overview/cocombustion.htmlhttp://www.ieabcc.nl/overview/cocombustion.html

46. Advantages of Co-firing:�Something for Everyone� The Existing Power Plant Existing equipment is still utilized Easier to meet environmental regulations and hedge future regulations Cost savings Tax incentives Fuel supply options Good PR http://www.eere.energy.gov/biopower/bplib/library/li_coal_biomass.htmhttp://www.eere.energy.gov/biopower/bplib/library/li_coal_biomass.htm

47. Advantages of Co-firing:�Something for Everyone� Biomass Encourages development of feedstock infrastructure Creates a market for residues and energy crops http://www.eere.energy.gov/biopower/basics/index.htmhttp://www.eere.energy.gov/biopower/basics/index.htm

48. Advantages of Co-firing:�Something for Everyone� The Environment Reduces GHG emissions (CO2; CH4) Reduces SO2 and NOX emissions Reduces burden on landfills Extends the life of coal-use for electricity generation http://www.eere.energy.gov/biopower/bplib/library/li_coal_biomass.htmhttp://www.eere.energy.gov/biopower/bplib/library/li_coal_biomass.htm

49. Advantages of Co-firing:�Something for Everyone� The Economy $$$ Provides an end use for low value/negative value products Maintains existing market for coal Increases domestic economic growth and job creation Increase economic activity in rural/agricultural areas Increase business for equipment suppliers http://www.eere.energy.gov/biopower/bplib/library/li_coal_biomass.htm Photo: http://www.bioproducts-bioenergy.gov/pdfs/MultiyearPlan2003-2008.pdfhttp://www.eere.energy.gov/biopower/bplib/library/li_coal_biomass.htm Photo: http://www.bioproducts-bioenergy.gov/pdfs/MultiyearPlan2003-2008.pdf

50. Disadvantages of Co-firing Technological issues Existing boilers/systems designed (exclusively) for fossil fuels Negative impact on existing boilers CL-based corrosion Negative impact on boiler capacity http://www.fwc.com/cgi-bin/; Co-firing Biomass in Coal-fired Boilers (Foster Wheeler Development Corporation Review) http://www.ieabcc.nl/overview/cocombustion.html http://www.fwc.com/cgi-bin/; Co-firing Biomass in Coal-fired Boilers (Foster Wheeler Development Corporation Review) http://www.ieabcc.nl/overview/cocombustion.html

51. Disadvantages Diverse feedstock Range of different fuel characteristics Woody � Grassy Residues � energy crops Ash content Fuel nitrogen content Photos: http://www.eere.energy.gov/biopower/program/index.htm www.heuristicengineering.com/papers/ External_Co-firing.pdf http://www.ieabcc.nl/overview/cocombustion.htmlPhotos: http://www.eere.energy.gov/biopower/program/index.htm www.heuristicengineering.com/papers/ External_Co-firing.pdf http://www.ieabcc.nl/overview/cocombustion.html

52. http://europa.eu.int/comm/energy/res/sectors/doc/bioenergy/cofiring_eu_bionet.pdf http://europa.eu.int/comm/energy/res/sectors/doc/bioenergy/cofiring_eu_bionet.pdf

53. Uncertainties due to different biomass properties Differences between biomass and coal Higher moisture content (= low net calorific value) Higher CL content Low heating value Low bulk density Higher content of volatile matter (80%:coal 30%) http://www.eere.energy.gov/biopower/bplib/library/li_coal_biomass.htm http://europa.eu.int/comm/energy/res/sectors/doc/bioenergy/cofiring_eu_bionet.pdf http://www.eere.energy.gov/biopower/bplib/library/li_coal_biomass.htm http://europa.eu.int/comm/energy/res/sectors/doc/bioenergy/cofiring_eu_bionet.pdf

54. Disadvantages Feeding methods Fuel preparation and handling Ash-related issues Biomass = source of aerosols Pure-coal ash required for concrete use Fuel preparation and handling: http://www.ieabcc.nl/overview/cocombustion.html http://www.eere.energy.gov/biopower/bplib/library/li_coal_biomass.htm www.heuristicengineering.com/papers/ External_Co-firing.pdf http://europa.eu.int/comm/energy/res/sectors/doc/bioenergy/cofiring_eu_bionet.pdf Aerosol danger: http://www.ieabcc.nl/overview/cocombustion.html Fuel preparation and handling: http://www.ieabcc.nl/overview/cocombustion.html http://www.eere.energy.gov/biopower/bplib/library/li_coal_biomass.htm www.heuristicengineering.com/papers/ External_Co-firing.pdf http://europa.eu.int/comm/energy/res/sectors/doc/bioenergy/cofiring_eu_bionet.pdf Aerosol danger: http://www.ieabcc.nl/overview/cocombustion.html

55. Just a couple more�disadvantages Engineering to commercial/economical issues? Requires incentives Less incentives for small-scale plants Might require additional investments Equipment Biomass material Dependant on the availability and price of low-cost biomass feedstocks http://www.eere.energy.gov/biopower/bplib/library/li_coal_biomass.htm http://www.fwc.com/cgi-bin/; Co-firing Biomass in Coal-fired Boilers (Foster Wheeler Development Corporation Review) http://www.eere.energy.gov/biopower/bplib/library/li_coal_biomass.htm http://www.fwc.com/cgi-bin/; Co-firing Biomass in Coal-fired Boilers (Foster Wheeler Development Corporation Review)

56. Co-Firing Programs Goals: Promote biomass using the least-cost approach Broaden the base of utilities employing co-firing Increase the # and type of co-firing techniques Provide the underpinning for advanced designs http://www.eere.energy.gov/biopower/program/index.htmhttp://www.eere.energy.gov/biopower/program/index.htm

57. Accomplishments Switchgrass; willow = successful bio-material Biomass co-firing = technologically successful Viability demonstrated Pollutant emission reductions verified Economic models/feeding techniques developed http://www.eere.energy.gov/biopower/bplib/library/biopower_strat_plan_for_web_ver_2.pdfhttp://www.eere.energy.gov/biopower/bplib/library/biopower_strat_plan_for_web_ver_2.pdf

58. Co-Firing Programs Regional Biomass Energy Program (RBEP) Federally-funded; located in 5 regions of U.S. Goal = to increase the production and use of bioenergy resources Best candidates Full-scale analysis Accomplishments: Successful biomass co-firing operations from an operational and performance perspective requires� Biomass price 20% less than that of coal Reliable and automated procedures www.heuristicengineering.com/papers/ External_Co-firing.pdf www.heuristicengineering.com/papers/ External_Co-firing.pdf

59. Co-Firing Programs Co-firing project at Hawaii Commercial Sugar Result: Sugar cane (bio-material) + coal = less NOX emissions! http://bioproducts-bioenergy.gov/pdfs/bcota/abstracts/4/z236.pdf Photo located at: http://www.pichtr.org/Biomass_Systems.htmhttp://bioproducts-bioenergy.gov/pdfs/bcota/abstracts/4/z236.pdf Photo located at: http://www.pichtr.org/Biomass_Systems.htm

60. Co-Firing Programs Co-firing program for urban wood waste Northern Indiana Pub. Service Co + Electric Power Research Institute + DOE Urban wood waste + coal (W. bituminous and Powder River Basin) http://www.fwc.com/publications/heat/heat_html/spr99/confiring.cfm; Co-firing Biomass in Coal-fired Boilers (Foster Wheeler Development Corporation Review) Photo: http://europa.eu.int/comm/energy/res/sectors/doc/bioenergy/cofiring_eu_bionet.pdf http://www.fwc.com/publications/heat/heat_html/spr99/confiring.cfm; Co-firing Biomass in Coal-fired Boilers (Foster Wheeler Development Corporation Review) Photo: http://europa.eu.int/comm/energy/res/sectors/doc/bioenergy/cofiring_eu_bionet.pdf

61. Current Power Plants Using Co-Firing Method on a Regular Basis Northern States Power (NSP) Wood residues + coal Tacoma Public Utitlies Wood wastes and garbage + coal TVA Wood waste + coal Southern Company Wood residues (grnd pallets/hurricane-damaged trees) + coal NY State Electric and Gas (NYSEG) Sawdust; furniture factory waste + coal http://www.fwc.com/publications/heat/heat_html/spr99/confiring.cfmhttp://www.fwc.com/publications/heat/heat_html/spr99/confiring.cfm

62. Furthermore, Numerous Other Power Plants are Exploring the Benefits of Co-Firing Niagara Mohawk Power Co. GPU GENCO Madison Gas & Electric Atlantic Electric American Electric Power Illinois Power Company Plains Electric IES Utilities Northern Indiana Public Service Co. And MANY more!! http://www.eere.energy.gov/biopower/bplib/library/li_coal_biomass.htmhttp://www.eere.energy.gov/biopower/bplib/library/li_coal_biomass.htm

63. Summary Co-Firing biomass capitalizes on the large investment and infrastructure associated with the existing coal-fired power plants while traditional pollutants (SO2; NOX) and net GHGs (CO2; CH4) are decreased!! http://www.ieabcc.nl/overview/cocombustion.html http://www.ieabcc.nl/overview/cocombustion.html

64. Legal Aspects and Governmental Incentives pertaining to Biomass as a renewable form of energy Federal State

65. Federal 1. Energy Policy Act of 2003 (Energy Bill/S. 2095) Title II: renewable energy incentives Title XIII: energy tax incentives Section 206 2. Biomass R&D Initiative of 2003 3. Bioenery Initiative Exec. Order 13134 DSIRE (database of state incentives for renewable energy) http://www.ies.ncsu.edu/dsire/ DSIRE (database of state incentives for renewable energy) http://www.ies.ncsu.edu/dsire/

66. Federal (cont) 4. Ag. Risk Protection Act of 2000 (P.L. 106-224); Title III. Biomass R&D Act 5. Green Power Purchasing Goal Exec. Order 13123 6. Renewable Energy Systems and Energy Efficiency Improvement Program 7. CAA amendments DSIRE (database of state incentives for renewable energy) http://www.ies.ncsu.edu/dsire/ DSIRE (database of state incentives for renewable energy) http://www.ies.ncsu.edu/dsire/

67. (1) Energy Policy Act of 2003Energy Bill (S. 2095) Title II: renewable energy incentives New incentives for development and use of renewables Mandates assessments to assist in long-term plans Reauthorizes the Renewable energy Production Incentive Program Grants for turning forest material into biomass energy http://www.biomass.org/index_files/EnergyBillUpdatefeb04ABA.dochttp://www.biomass.org/index_files/EnergyBillUpdatefeb04ABA.doc

68. Energy Bill (S. 2095) Title XII: Energy tax incentives Previous �Renewable Electricity (and Energy) Production Credit� expired for all new projects on 12/31/2003 Creates a NEW Tax incentive!! Extends placed-in service date for�closed-loop biomass and poultry waste facilities Adds open-looped biomass, municipal bio-solids, and recycled sludge�as qualifying energy resources Credit = 1.8 cents/kWh (no inflation adjustment) Allows for tradable tax credits for tax-exempt entities, co-ops, and municipal utilities Effective: 10/1/2004 www.energy.senate.gov http://www.biomass.org/index_files/EnergyBillUpdatefeb04ABA.doc Expired tax info: DSIRE (database of state incentives for renewable energy) http://www.ies.ncsu.edu/dsire/ http://www.biomass.org/index_files/EnergyBillUpdatefeb04ABA.doc Expired tax info: DSIRE (database of state incentives for renewable energy) http://www.ies.ncsu.edu/dsire/

69. Energy Bill (S. 2095) Section 206 Grants to improve the commercial value of forest biomass for electric energy�and other commercial purposes The government found that: Risk (wildfire; insect infestation; tree mortality; drought) �requires preventive measures =by-products of biomass BUT no suitable market http://energy.senate.gov/legislation/energybill2004/full_text.pdfhttp://energy.senate.gov/legislation/energybill2004/full_text.pdf

70. Energy Bill (S. 2095) Section 206 (cont.) Therefore, the U.S. should: Promote economic and entrepreneurial opportunities in using these by-products Develop and expand markets http://energy.senate.gov/legislation/energybill2004/full_text.pdf Photo: http://europa.eu.int/comm/energy/res/sectors/doc/bioenergy/cofiring_eu_bionet.pdfhttp://energy.senate.gov/legislation/energybill2004/full_text.pdf Photo: http://europa.eu.int/comm/energy/res/sectors/doc/bioenergy/cofiring_eu_bionet.pdf

71. (2) Biomass R&D Initiative of 2003 DOE and USDA $23 million allocated to 19 different biomass projects http://www.bioproducts-bioenergy.gov/pdfs/EnergyAndAgricultureDepartmentsAward.pdfhttp://www.bioproducts-bioenergy.gov/pdfs/EnergyAndAgricultureDepartmentsAward.pdf

72. (3) Bioenergy Initiative Exec. Order 13134: Developing and Promoting Bio-based Products and Bioenergy Policy = national strategy to stimulate the creation and early adoption of technologies needed to make biobased products and bioenergy cost-competitive Expand employment opportunities Create new market Reduce Nation�s dependence on foreign resources Decrease pollution Executive Order 13134: http://ceq.eh.doe.gov/nepa/regs/eos/eo13134.html Executive Order 13134: http://ceq.eh.doe.gov/nepa/regs/eos/eo13134.html

73. Bioenergy Initiative President�s goal = triple U.S. use of bio-based products and bioenergy by 2010 DOE + federal organizations = national partnership to develop an integrated industry to produce power�from biomass http://www.bioproducts-bioenergy.gov/eo13134.html.http://www.bioproducts-bioenergy.gov/eo13134.html.

74. (4) Agricultural Risk Protection Act of 2000 (P.L. 106-224)Title III. Biomass R&D Act Recognition that biomass has outstanding potential to benefit the national interest Combined efforts of DOA and DOE Purposes: To understand biomass To develop new and cost-effective technologies that would result in large-scale commercial production To ensure economic and energy security and environmental benefits of bio-products To promote the development and use of agricultural and energy crops for conversion http://www.bioproducts-bioenergy.gov/bio_act.htmlhttp://www.bioproducts-bioenergy.gov/bio_act.html

75. (5) Green Power Purchasing Program Applicable sector: federal government Goal = 2.5% renewables by 2005 Effective: 6/2000 Authority: Exec. Order 13123 Requires federal agencies to increase their use of renewable energy Biomass systems installed after 1990 apply as �new� renewable energy resources (emphasis on �new� to reach goal) http://www.eere.energy.gov/femp/resources/exec13123.html DSIRE: Database of State Incentives for Renewable Energy http://www.ies.ncsu.edu/dsirehttp://www.eere.energy.gov/femp/resources/exec13123.html DSIRE: Database of State Incentives for Renewable Energy http://www.ies.ncsu.edu/dsire

76. Green Power Purchasing Program 2000: obtaining 13% of goal March 2004: 77% of goal !!! http://www.eere.energy.gov/femp/technologies/renewable_fedrequire.cfm http://www.eere.energy.gov/femp/technologies/renewable_fedrequire.cfm

77. (6) Renewable Energy Systems and Energy Efficiency Improvement Program Federal grant program through the USDA Commercial/agricultural producers Grants provided for 25% of eligible project costs Producer must demonstrate �financial need� DSIRE (database of state incentives for renewable energy) http://www.ies.ncsu.edu/dsire/ http://www.rurdev.usda.gov/rd/farmbill/9006resources.htmlDSIRE (database of state incentives for renewable energy) http://www.ies.ncsu.edu/dsire/ http://www.rurdev.usda.gov/rd/farmbill/9006resources.html

78. 1990 Amendments to CAA Lowered baseline limitations for SO2 emissions = increase in market-price of air emission allowances = electricity generators will turn to bio-energy to reduce costs and meet stricter regulations �Coal and Biomass � A Symbiotic Relationship is Developing via Cofiring http://www.eere.energy.gov/biopower/bplib/library/li_coal_biomass.htm�Coal and Biomass � A Symbiotic Relationship is Developing via Cofiring http://www.eere.energy.gov/biopower/bplib/library/li_coal_biomass.htm

79. State Law/Incentives Illinois

80. State Mainstay Energy Rewards Program IL Clean Energy Community Foundation Grants (ICECF) 220 ILCS 5/16-111.1 Renewable Energy Resources Trust Fund 220 ILCS 687/6-4 Renewable Energy Resources Program Grants (RERP) Renewables Portfolio Goal 220 ILCS 5/16-111.1 DSIRE (database of state incentives for renewable energy) http://www.ies.ncsu.edu/dsire/DSIRE (database of state incentives for renewable energy) http://www.ies.ncsu.edu/dsire/

81. Mainstay Energy Rewards Program Green Tag Purchase Program = production incentive Private company buys the green tags (RECs) which are brought to the market as �Green-e� certified products Participating companies receive regular, recurring payments Dependant on type of renewable; production of energy; length of K Biomass is eligible Commercial and residential sectors Amount = .1-1cent/kWh (for biomass) Certification fee and requirements 200 current participants! DSIRE (database of state incentives for renewable energy) http://www.ies.ncsu.edu/dsire/ http:www.mainstayenergy.com/DSIRE (database of state incentives for renewable energy) http://www.ies.ncsu.edu/dsire/ http:www.mainstayenergy.com/

82. (2) IL Clean Energy Community Foundation (ICECF) Grants State grant program Grants, loans, other financial support $250 million endowment from ComEd Non-profit; schools, state and local governments serving IL Authority = 20 ILCS 5/16-111.1 IL Resource Development and Energy Security Act Purposes: �Enhance the state�s energy security by ensuring that�(iv) pilot projects are undertaken to explore the capacity of new, often renewable sources of energy�� DSIRE (database of state incentives for renewable energy) http://www.ies.ncsu.edu/dsire/ http://www.illinoiscleanenergy.org/programs/overview.htmDSIRE (database of state incentives for renewable energy) http://www.ies.ncsu.edu/dsire/ http://www.illinoiscleanenergy.org/programs/overview.htm

83. (2) ICECF Grants (cont) Effective 2001 How to apply? Submit proposal (competitive basis) Between 2001-2002: ICECF awarded more than $17 million in grants for renewable energy projects in IL!! DSIRE (database of state incentives for renewable energy) http://www.ies.ncsu.edu/dsire/ http://www.illinoiscleanenergy.org/programs/overview.htm DSIRE (database of state incentives for renewable energy) http://www.ies.ncsu.edu/dsire/ http://www.illinoiscleanenergy.org/programs/overview.htm

84. (3) Renewable Energy Resources Trust Fund Public benefits fund required in 220 ILCS 687/6-4 Available for the general public/consumer $50 million for 10 years Collection $.50 cents/month from residential and small commercial electric and gas customers $37.50/month from large commercial electricity customers DSIRE (database of state incentives for renewable energy) http://www.ies.ncsu.edu/dsire/ http://www.commerce.state.il.usDSIRE (database of state incentives for renewable energy) http://www.ies.ncsu.edu/dsire/ http://www.commerce.state.il.us

85. (4) Renewable Energy Resources Program (RERP) Grants State grant program funded by the Renewable Energy Resources Trust Fund Distributed in the form of grants (for large systems) and rebates (for small systems) Involves an annual RFP process DSIRE (database of state incentives for renewable energy) http://www.ies.ncsu.edu/dsire/ http://www.illinoisbiz/com/energy/renewable/htmlDSIRE (database of state incentives for renewable energy) http://www.ies.ncsu.edu/dsire/ http://www.illinoisbiz/com/energy/renewable/html

86. (5) Renewables Portfolio Goal Specific standard to IL Applies to Utilities 5% by 2010�15% by 2020 Effective: 7/2001 Authority: 220 ILCS 5/16-111.1 Contains a �goal� but NO implementation schedule, compliance verification or credit-trading provisions DSIRE (database of state incentives for renewable energy) http://www.ies.ncsu.edu/dsire/ http://www.legis.state.il.us/legislation/ilcs.ch20act688.htmDSIRE (database of state incentives for renewable energy) http://www.ies.ncsu.edu/dsire/ http://www.legis.state.il.us/legislation/ilcs.ch20act688.htm

87. Biomass Utilization for Electricity Production = SOMETHING FOR EVERYONE!!!