Biomass To Energy Potential On St. Kitts & Nevis

1. Biomass To Energy Potential On St. Kitts & Nevis Mark Lambrides (OAS/DSD) K.H. De Cuba (OAS/DSD) M. Rivera-Ramirez (ESG) Initial Stakeholders Meeting June13, 2006

2. Content • Introduction • Mission • Scope • Possible Process Overview • Challenges • Opportunities • Biomass • Bio-Energy Assessment • Follow up

3. Introduction • Justifications for Bio-Energy Assessment • Shutdown of the sugar industry • Unemployment • Decreased sources of income • Recent increase in sugar prices • Current waste management • Health impacts • Environmental impacts • High energy prices • High cost of diesel import for electricity generation • High cost of transportation fuels • Dependent on external geo-political forces

4. Introduction • Sugar cane scenario overview (1)

5. Introduction • Sugar cane scenario overview (2)

6. Introduction • Current energy scenario overview

7. Introduction • Current waste scenario overview

8. Mission • Find if there is reliable biomass feedstock supply for long term production • Highlight commercially viable biomass to energy conversion approach • Outline strategy for public-private partnership to develop biomass to energy • Attract commercially proven developers to consider investment approach in SKN

9. Scope • Focused on sugarcane and municipal waste biomass availability on St. Kitts • Focus on liquid biofuel and electric power production • Potential for value-added products

10. Possible Process Overview

11. Challenges • Economies of scale • Modest biomass feedstock availability • Biomass conversion technologies • Land use competition • Information dissemination on sustainable alternatives • Familiarity with current methods of production

12. Opportunities • Environmental/health benefits • CO2 reduction • Increased soil fertility • Sanitary issues • Job provision • Existence of skilled labor force • Energy security • Economic • Avoided investment cost: No need for additional landfill/waste management alternatives • Decreased expenditures on electricity • Diversification of economic activities

13. Biomass • Definition and Sources • Organic matter, matter from any living organism • Animal/human waste • Food crops • Grassy and woody plants • Residues from agriculture or forestry • Organic component of municipal and industrial wastes

14. Biomass • As a renewable fuel • No net carbon emissions • Carbon dioxide released when biomass is used as fuel is balanced by the carbon dioxide captured when the biomass is grown

15. Feedstock Supply • Residues • Dedicated Crops • Harvesting and Handling • Collection • Processing • Storage • Transportation • Conversion • Thermochemical • Combustion • Gasification • Pyrolysis • Other • Biochemical • Anaerobic (fermentation) • Anaerobic Digestion • Alcohol Fermentation • Aerobic • Composting • Activated (oxygenated) waste treatment • Direct Hydrogen • Physicochemical • Oil extraction • Hydrocarbon extraction • Utilization • Biopower • Process and Space Heating • Power generation • Biofuels • Ethanol • Biodiesel • Methanol • Pyrolisis liquids • Biogas (methane + CO2) including digester and landfill gas • Synthesis gases (CO + H2)(for further refinement to liquid/gaseous fuels) • Hydrogen • Charcoal • Biomass solids • Others • Bioproducts • Citric and other acids • Composite materials • Fertilizer • Fibers • Lubricants • Others • Pesticides • Structural materials • Surfactants Biomass • Conversion

16. Conversion • Thermochemical • Combustion • Gasification • Other • Biochemical • Anaerobic Digestion • Alcohol Fermentation • Physicochemical • Oil extraction • Utilization • Biopower • Electrical Power Generation • Process Heating • Biofuels • Synthesis gases (CO + H2) (for further refinement to liquid/gaseous fuels) • Biogas (methane + CO2) including digester gas • Ethanol • Biodiesel • Others • Bioproducts (chemicals and materials • Fertilizer Feedstock Biomass • Conversions of interest Combustion: direct-fired systems. They burn bio-energy feedstocks directly. Gasification: biomass is heated with no oxygen or only about one-third the oxygen needed for efficient combustion. Biomass then gasifies to a mixture of carbon monoxide and hydrogen—synthesis gas or syngas. Biochemical: relies on the abilities of specific microorganisms to convert biomass components to useful liquids and gases, as ethanol or methane.

17. Bio Energy Assessment • Objective • Financial and economic analysis of a potential Domestic Bio-Energy Programme to test its commercially sustainability

18. Bio Energy Assessment • Methodology • Resource assessment (supply and demand) • Technology identification • Evaluate economic and financial feasibility of technologies given the resource availability

19. Bio Energy Assessment • Resource Assessment (1) • Agricultural crops • Sugarcane or palm oil • Characteristics of sugar cane • Yields and land • Collection, processing, and transport • Residues generated • Storage

20. Bio Energy Assessment • Resource Assessment (2) • Municipal Solid Waste and Sewage Sludge • Characteristics of waste • Quantities • Collection and treatment • Waste landfill capacity

21. Bio Energy Assessment • Resource Assessment (3) • Additional market data • Energy Needs Assessment • Current consumption • Local markets for products

22. Bio Energy Assessment • Technology identification • Direct contact with experts and manufacturers • Literature reviews and existing expertise

23. Bio Energy Assessment • Economic and financial feasibility • Utilize feedstock supply, conversion and market data elements to evaluate feasibility of Domestic Bio-Energy Programme

24. Follow Up • Bio-energy as part of the Sustainable Energy Plan (SEP) • Legislation • Social benefits • Institutional capacity • Power purchase agreements • Investors workshop

25. Follow Up • Plans for the assessment • Remainder of this week • Data gathering interviews with stakeholders in St. Kitts and Nevis • Preparation of preliminary assessment • Draft expected by end of August • Stakeholder review and comment on draft • Presentation of findings • Initiative to facilitate development