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43: The Immune System

43: The Immune System. T om Whitelaw Max McGill. 43.1 Innate Immunity. Invertebrates- They have physical and chemical barriers to guard against microbes, a s well as cell based defenses.

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43: The Immune System

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  1. 43: The Immune System Tom Whitelaw Max McGill

  2. 43.1 Innate Immunity • Invertebrates- They have physical and chemical barriers to guard against microbes, as well as cell based defenses. • Including, in Insects, the ability to ingest microbes in the Hemolymph and cells can release antimicrobial peptides. • Recognition Proteins • Vertebrates- Skin and Mucous Barriers, phagocytes, low ph, lysomes, inflammation, antimicrobial proteins, compliment proteins, interferons and natural killer cells • Some bacteria have an outer capsule that prevents recognition by killer cells and some can resist against degradation by lysozomes.

  3. 43.2 Acquired Immunity • When pathogens are recognized, the body releases specific T and B cells to combat the threat. • B cells recognize invaders by epitodes • T cells recognize invaders by peptides

  4. 43.3 Cells • B Cells produce antibodies that bind to antigens • T Cells produce antigens which antibodies bind

  5. 43.3 Cell types • Infection of body fluids are subjected to humoral responses and infection of body cells to cell-mediated responses • Helper T Cells- makes CD4 which enhances binding to class II MHC molecule- antigen fragment complexes • Activated Versions secrete proteins to destroy target cells by other lymphocytes • Cytotoxic T Cells- Make CD8 enhances binding to class I MHC complexes • Active versions secrete proteins that causedestruction of target cells

  6. 43.3 Cell Types • B Cells- Generates plasma cells that secrete antibodies • Infected once to gain acquired immunity • Vacations • Antigens on blood cells determine blood type. If different from the antigens that the body has they will be destroyed • Organs have antigens too

  7. 43.4 • Allergies are caused by the body attacking innate particles • Some pathogens use antigenetic variation, latency and direct assault on immune system to weaken it • HIV destroys helper T cells • Cancers are more common with immunedeficencies and that is unclear whether it reflects reduced immune responses or increasing infections

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