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University of Georgia Department of Geology GEOL 4320/6320 Petroleum Geology

University of Georgia Department of Geology GEOL 4320/6320 Petroleum Geology. Migration of Petroleum. University of Georgia Department of Geology GEOL 4320/6320 Petroleum Geology. Migration of Petroleum. Conventional.

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University of Georgia Department of Geology GEOL 4320/6320 Petroleum Geology

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  1. University of Georgia Department of Geology GEOL 4320/6320 Petroleum Geology Migration of Petroleum

  2. University of Georgia Department of Geology GEOL 4320/6320 Petroleum Geology Migration of Petroleum Conventional

  3. University of Georgia Department of Geology GEOL 4320/6320 Petroleum Geology Migration of Petroleum Conventional (and the petroleum of tar sands, before it is tarry)

  4. University of Georgia Department of Geology GEOL 4320/6320 Petroleum Geology VIII. Migration Primary migration - passage of petroleum out of the source rock in which it was generated. Problem/conundrum: Petroleum (organic molecules generally larger than water molecules) must move through fine-grained sedimentary rock that has been compacted and made (more) impermeable to water. Another way to look at this conundrum: shales are seemingly the most abundant seals of traps and thus epitomize impermeability to oil migration - but shales are the most common source rocks and thus necessarily must be rocks out of which primary migration takes place.

  5. University of Georgia Department of Geology GEOL 4320/6320 Petroleum Geology

  6. University of Georgia Department of Geology GEOL 4320/6320 Petroleum Geology VIII. Migration Primary migration - passage of petroleum out of the source rock in which it was generated. Problem/conundrum: Petroleum (organic molecules generally larger than water molecules) must move through fine-grained sedimentary rock that has been compacted and made (more) impermeable to water. Another way to look at this conundrum: shales are seemingly the most abundant seals of traps and thus epitomize impermeability to oil migration - but shales are the most common source rocks and thus necessarily must be rocks out of which primary migration takes place.

  7. University of Georgia Department of Geology GEOL 4320/6320 Petroleum Geology Bjørlykke 2010

  8. University of Georgia Department of Geology GEOL 4320/6320 Petroleum Geology VIII. Migration Primary migration - passage of petroleum out of the source rock in which it was generated. Problem/conundrum: Petroleum (organic molecules generally larger than water molecules) must move through fine-grained sedimentary rock that has been compacted and made (more) impermeable to water. Another way to look at this conundrum: shales are seemingly the most abundant seals of traps and thus epitomize impermeability to oil migration - but shales are the most common source rocks and thus necessarily must be rocks out of which primary migration takes place.

  9. University of Georgia Department of Geology GEOL 4320/6320 Petroleum Geology

  10. University of Georgia Department of Geology GEOL 4320/6320 Petroleum Geology VIII. Migration Primary migration - passage of petroleum out of the source rock in which it was generated. Old explanations largely assumed that petroleum was sufficient soluble that it could be transported in water moving out of shales. This seems to have been resort to an improbable explanation for lack of any other. Specific concepts: Expulsion of “proto-petroleum” molecules (but this entity is unknown). Transport of petroleum in aqueous solution (but hydrocarbons aren’t soluble). Transport in solution of CO2 (but production of CO2 is not coincident with generation of petroleum). Transport by micelles (soap-like molecules with a hydrophyllic end (thus soluble in water) and a hydrophobic end (to which organic molecules can bond) (but micelles are uncommon). Flushing of hydrocarbons with water generated by dehydration of smectite in its conversion to illite (but this involves either solution of hydrocarbons or pushing large molecules through small pores).

  11. University of Georgia Department of Geology GEOL 4320/6320 Petroleum Geology VIII. Migration Primary migration - passage of petroleum out of the source rock in which it was generated. Old explanations largely assumed that petroleum was sufficient soluble that it could be transported in water moving out of shales. This seems to have been resort to an improbable explanation for lack of any other. Specific concepts: Expulsion of “proto-petroleum” molecules (but this entity is unknown). Transport of petroleum in aqueous solution (but hydrocarbons aren’t soluble). Transport in solution of CO2 (but production of CO2 is not coincident with generation of petroleum). Transport by micelles (soap-like molecules with a hydrophyllic end (thus soluble in water) and a hydrophobic end (to which organic molecules can bond) (but micelles are uncommon). Flushing of hydrocarbons with water generated by dehydration of smectite in its conversion to illite (but this involves either solution of hydrocarbons or pushing large molecules through small pores).

  12. University of Georgia Department of Geology GEOL 4320/6320 Petroleum Geology VIII. Migration Primary migration - passage of petroleum out of the source rock in which it was generated. Old explanations largely assumed that petroleum was sufficient soluble that it could be transported in water moving out of shales. This seems to have been resort to an improbable explanation for lack of any other. Specific concepts: Expulsion of “proto-petroleum” molecules (but this entity is unknown). Transport of petroleum in aqueous solution (but hydrocarbons aren’t soluble). Transport in solution of CO2 (but production of CO2 is not coincident with generation of petroleum). Transport by micelles (soap-like molecules with a hydrophyllic end (thus soluble in water) and a hydrophobic end (to which organic molecules can bond) (but micelles are uncommon). Flushing of hydrocarbons with water generated by dehydration of smectite in its conversion to illite (but this involves either solution of hydrocarbons or pushing large molecules through small pores).

  13. University of Georgia Department of Geology GEOL 4320/6320 Petroleum Geology VIII. Migration Primary migration - passage of petroleum out of the source rock in which it was generated. Old explanations largely assumed that petroleum was sufficient soluble that it could be transported in water moving out of shales. This seems to have been resort to an improbable explanation for lack of any other. Specific concepts: Expulsion of “proto-petroleum” molecules (but this entity is unknown). Transport of petroleum in aqueous solution (but hydrocarbons aren’t soluble). Transport in solution of CO2 (but production of CO2 is not coincident with generation of petroleum). Transport by micelles (soap-like molecules with a hydrophyllic end (thus soluble in water) and a hydrophobic end (to which organic molecules can bond) (but micelles are uncommon). Flushing of hydrocarbons with water generated by dehydration of smectite in its conversion to illite (but this involves either solution of hydrocarbons or pushing large molecules through small pores).

  14. University of Georgia Department of Geology GEOL 4320/6320 Petroleum Geology VIII. Migration Primary migration - passage of petroleum out of the source rock in which it was generated. Old explanations largely assumed that petroleum was sufficient soluble that it could be transported in water moving out of shales. This seems to have been resort to an improbable explanation for lack of any other. Specific concepts: Expulsion of “proto-petroleum” molecules (but this entity is unknown). Transport of petroleum in aqueous solution (but hydrocarbons aren’t soluble). Transport in solution of CO2 (but production of CO2 is not coincident with generation of petroleum). Transport by micelles (soap-like molecules with a hydrophyllic end (thus soluble in water) and a hydrophobic end (to which organic molecules can bond) (but micelles are uncommon). Flushing of hydrocarbons with water generated by dehydration of smectite in its conversion to illite (but this involves either solution of hydrocarbons or pushing large molecules through small pores).

  15. University of Georgia Department of Geology GEOL 4320/6320 Petroleum Geology VIII. Migration Primary migration - passage of petroleum out of the source rock in which it was generated. Old explanations largely assumed that petroleum was sufficient soluble that it could be transported in water moving out of shales. This seems to have been resort to an improbable explanation for lack of any other. Specific concepts: Expulsion of “proto-petroleum” molecules (but this entity is unknown). Transport of petroleum in aqueous solution (but hydrocarbons aren’t soluble). Transport in solution of CO2 (but production of CO2 is not coincident with generation of petroleum). Transport by micelles (soap-like molecules with a hydrophyllic end (thus soluble in water) and a hydrophobic end (to which organic molecules can bond) (but micelles are uncommon). Flushing of hydrocarbons with water generated by dehydration of smectite in its conversion to illite (but this involves either solution of hydrocarbons or pushing large molecules through small pores).

  16. University of Georgia Department of Geology GEOL 4320/6320 Petroleum Geology

  17. University of Georgia Department of Geology GEOL 4320/6320 Petroleum Geology Selley 1998

  18. University of Georgia Department of Geology GEOL 4320/6320 Petroleum Geology VIII. Migration Primary migration - passage of petroleum out of the source rock in which it was generated. Old explanations largely assumed that petroleum was sufficient soluble that it could be transported in water moving out of shales. This seems to have been resort to an improbable explanation for lack of any other. “Primary hydrocarbon generation . . . is to many people the last great mystery of petroleum geology” R.C. Selley (1998) Elements of Petroleum Geology (2nd edn)

  19. University of Georgia Department of Geology GEOL 4320/6320 Petroleum Geology VIII. Migration Primary migration - passage of petroleum out of the source rock in which it was generated. Old explanations largely assumed that petroleum was sufficient soluble that it could be transported in water moving out of shales. This seems to have been resort to an improbable explanation for lack of any other. Newer (post 1990s) explanations assumed petroleum travels on its own (not in solution) and that pressure resulting from increased volume in maturation causes its expulsion directly, or causes fracturing that allows primary migration. Chemical/dissolution explanation Mechanical/fracturing explanation Mackenzie et al., 1987, The expulsion of petroleum from Kimmeridge Clay source rocks in the area of the Brae Oilfield, U.K. continental shelf, in Brroks & Glennie, eds., Petroleum Geology of North West Europe (London, Graham and Trotman), p. 865-877. (See G&S p. 141 ff. England and Fleet, 1991, Petroleum Migration: Geological Society of London Special Publicaton 59. Warning: Selley (1998) devoted lots of attention to solubility-based ideas; Assaad (2009) still said petroleum is soluble, citing Levorsen (1954)!

  20. University of Georgia Department of Geology GEOL 4320/6320 Petroleum Geology “Primary hydrocarbon generation . . . is to many people the last great mystery of petroleum geology” R.C. Selley (1998) Elements of Petroleum Geology (2nd edn) Bjørlykke 2010

  21. University of Georgia Department of Geology GEOL 4320/6320 Petroleum Geology “Primary hydrocarbon generation . . . is to many people the last great mystery of petroleum geology” R.C. Selley (1998) Elements of Petroleum Geology (2nd edn) Bjørlykke 2010

  22. University of Georgia Department of Geology GEOL 4320/6320 Petroleum Geology

  23. University of Georgia Department of Geology GEOL 4320/6320 Petroleum Geology

  24. University of Georgia Department of Geology GEOL 4320/6320 Petroleum Geology

  25. University of Georgia Department of Geology GEOL 4320/6320 Petroleum Geology • VIII. Migration A. Primary migration - passage of petroleum out of the source rock in which it was generated. B. Secondary migration - passage of petroleum through porous and permeable avenues, driven by buoyancy contrast between petroleum and water that otherwise fills porosity. Media: Porous and permeable sands and sandstones. Porous and permeable carbonate sediments and rocks. Fractures and faults. The first two, or all three, are potential reservoir rocks. C. Tertiary migration

  26. University of Georgia Department of Geology GEOL 4320/6320 Petroleum Geology

  27. University of Georgia Department of Geology GEOL 4320/6320 Petroleum Geology • VIII. Migration A. Primary migration - passage of petroleum out of the source rock in which it was generated. B. Secondary migration - passage of petroleum through porous and permeable avenues, driven by buoyancy contrast between petroleum and water that otherwise fills porosity. Avenues: Porous and permeable sands and sandstones. Porous and permeable carbonate sediments and rocks. Fractures and faults. The first two, or all three, are potential reservoir rocks. C. Tertiary migration

  28. University of Georgia Department of Geology GEOL 4320/6320 Petroleum Geology • VIII. Migration A. Primary migration - passage of petroleum out of the source rock in which it was generated. B. Secondary migration - passage of petroleum through porous and permeable avenues, driven by buoyancy contrast between petroleum and water that otherwise fills porosity. Avenues: Porous and permeable sands and sandstones. Porous and permeable carbonate sediments and rocks. Fractures and faults. The first two, or all three, are potential reservoir rocks. C. Tertiary migration

  29. University of Georgia Department of Geology GEOL 4320/6320 Petroleum Geology

  30. University of Georgia Department of Geology GEOL 4320/6320 Petroleum Geology Petroleum System Spill Point 1) Early Generation Spill Point Seal Rock (Mudstone) Reservoir Rock (Sandstone) Migration from ‘Kitchen’ Gas beginning to displace oil 2) Late Generation Displaced oil accumulates Gas displaces all oil From a U of OK course ppt file

  31. University of Georgia Department of Geology GEOL 4320/6320 Petroleum Geology An example from Pakistan, from a U of OK course ppt file

  32. University of Georgia Department of Geology GEOL 4320/6320 Petroleum Geology Petroleum System Spill Point 1) Early Generation Spill Point Seal Rock (Mudstone) Reservoir Rock (Sandstone) Migration from ‘Kitchen’ Gas beginning to displace oil 2) Late Generation Displaced oil accumulates Gas displaces all oil From a U of OK course ppt file

  33. University of Georgia Department of Geology GEOL 4320/6320 Petroleum Geology Petroleum System

  34. University of Georgia Department of Geology GEOL 4320/6320 Petroleum Geology Selley 1998

  35. University of Georgia Department of Geology GEOL 4320/6320 Petroleum Geology

  36. University of Georgia Department of Geology GEOL 4320/6320 Petroleum Geology • VIII. Migration A. Primary migration - passage of petroleum out of the source rock in which it was generated. B. Secondary migration - passage of petroleum through porous and permeable media, driven by buoyancy contrast between petroleum and water that otherwise fills porosity. Media: Porous and permeable sands and sandstones. Porous and permeable carbonate sediments and rocks. Fractures and faults. The first two, or all three, are potential reservoir rocks. (more to follow)

  37. University of Georgia Department of Geology GEOL 4320/6320 Petroleum Geology • VIII. Migration A. Primary migration - passage of petroleum out of the source rock in which it was generated. B. Secondary migration - passage of petroleum through porous and permeable media, driven by buoyancy contrast between petroleum and water that otherwise fills porosity. Media: Porous and permeable sands and sandstones. Porous and permeable carbonate sediments and rocks. Fractures and faults. The first two, or all three, are potential reservoir rocks. C. Tertiary migration

  38. University of Georgia Department of Geology GEOL 4320/6320 Petroleum Geology Gluyas & Swarbrick 2004, in a very North-Sea example

  39. University of Georgia Department of Geology GEOL 4320/6320 Petroleum Geology University of Georgia Department of Geology GEOL 4320/6320 Petroleum Geology

  40. University of Georgia Department of Geology GEOL 4320/6320 Petroleum Geology • VIII. Migration A. Primary migration - passage of petroleum out of the source rock in which it was generated. B. Secondary migration - passage of petroleum through porous and permeable media, driven by buoyancy contrast between petroleum and water that otherwise fills porosity. Media: Porous and permeable sands and sandstones. Porous and permeable carbonate sediments and rocks. Fractures and faults. The first two, or all three, are potential reservoir rocks. C. Tertiary migration The end (of the petroleum, and the lecture).

  41. University of Georgia Department of Geology GEOL 4320 Petroleum Geology

  42. University of Georgia Department of Geology GEOL 4320/6320 Petroleum Geology

  43. University of Georgia Department of Geology GEOL 4320/6320 Petroleum Geology Sources White sans-serif Helvetica text Asquith and Krygowski 2004 Light gray Times New Roman text Assaad 2008 AAPG Basic Well Log Analysis course notes White sans-serif Helvetica text Baker-Hughes Atlas of Log Responses Bjørlykke 2010 Conaway 1999 Crain’s Petrophysical Handbook Title Glover’s Petrophysique Gluyas & Swarbrick 2004 North 1980 Jonathan B. Martin UF class notes Rigzone Schlumberger Log Interpretation P&I Schlumberger Oilfielld Glossary Selley 1998 Shell Petroleum Handbook (1983) Notes Shepherd 2009 Tissot & Welte (1984) Wikipedia

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