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Capital Expenditure Decisions: An Introduction

16. Chapter Sixteen. Capital Expenditure Decisions: An Introduction. Concept of Present Value. Business investments extend over long periods of time, so we must recognize the time value of money .

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Capital Expenditure Decisions: An Introduction

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  1. 16 Chapter Sixteen Capital Expenditure Decisions: An Introduction

  2. Concept of Present Value • Business investments extend over long periods of time, so we must recognize the time value of money. • Investments that promise returns earlier in time are preferable to those that promise returns later in time.

  3. An Organization as a Collection of Projects and Programs Projects and Programs F E Overall performance in this period is the combined results of projects A - F. D C B A Time

  4. Concept of Present Value Fn = P(1 + r)n If Pdollars are invested today . . . At interest rate of r. . . Fornperiods . . . You would have Fndollars.

  5. Concept of Present Value If $100 is invested today at 10% interest, how much will the investment be worth in five years?

  6. Concept of Present Value If $100 is invested today at 10% interest, how much will the investment be worth in five years? F5 = $100 × (1 + .10)5 F5 = $161.05

  7. Concept of Present Value Interest Balance

  8. Concept of Present Value The present value of any sum to be received in the future can be computed by using the interest formula and solving for P . . . Fn P = (1 + r)n or 1 P = Fn × (1 + r)n

  9. Concept of Present Value You do not know the amount of the initial investment, but know you will need $161.05 at the end of five years. You can earn 10% on your investment. What amount must you invest today?

  10. 1 (1 + .10)5 Concept of Present Value You do not know the amount of the initial investment, but know you will need $161.05 at the end of five years. You can earn 10% on your investment. What amount must you invest today? P = $161.05 × P = $161.05 × .6209 = $100

  11. Concept of Present Value Suppose you want to accumulate $18,000 to buy a new car in four years, and you can earn interest at the rate of 8% per year on an investment. How much do you need to invest now?

  12. 1 (1 + .08)4 Concept of Present Value Suppose you want to accumulate $18,000 to buy a new car in four years, and you can earn interest at the rate of 8% per year on an investment. How much do you need to invest now? P = $18,000 × P = $18,000 × .735 = $13,230

  13. $100 $100 $100 $100 $100 $100 1 2 3 4 5 6 Present Value of a Cash-Flow Series An investment that involves a series of identical cash flows at the end of each year is called an annuity.

  14. Present Value of a Cash-Flow Series An investment that involves a series of identical cash flows at the end of each year is called an annuity. Laken Company purchased a tract of land on which a $60,000 payment will be due each year for the next five years. What is the present value of this stream of cash payments when the discount rate is 12%?

  15. Present Value of a Cash-Flow Series Present value factor of $1 for 1 period at 12%.

  16. Present Value of a Cash-Flow Series Present Value of a Cash-Flow Series The present value of our 5 $60,000 payments is $216,300.

  17. Present Value of a Cash-Flow Series We could solve the problem like this . . . $60,000 × 3.605 = $216,300

  18. Present Value of a Cash-Flow Series We could solve the problem like this . . . $60,000 × 3.605 = $216,300 Look in Appendix for the Present Value of an Annuity of $1 Table IV

  19. Discounted-Cash-Flow Analysis Plant expansion Equipment selection Equipment replacement Cost reduction Lease or buy

  20. Net-Present-Value Method • Prepare a table showing cash flows for each year, • Calculate the present value of each cash flow using a discount rate, • Compute net present value, • If the net present value (NPV) is positive, accept the investment proposal. Otherwise, reject it.

  21. Net-Present-Value Method Mattson Co. has been offered a five year contract to provide component parts for a large manufacturer.

  22. Net-Present-Value Method • At the end of five years the working capital will be released and may be used elsewhere by Mattson. • Mattson uses a discount rate of 10%. Should the contract be accepted?

  23. Net-Present-Value Method Annual net cash inflows from operations

  24. Net-Present-Value Method

  25. Net-Present-Value Method Present value of an annuity of $1 factor for 5 years at 10%.

  26. Net-Present-Value Method Present value of $1 factor for 3 years at 10%.

  27. Net-Present-Value Method Present value of $1 factor for 5 years at 10%.

  28. Net-Present-Value Method Mattson should accept the contract because the present value of the cash inflows exceeds the present value of the cash outflows by $85,955. The project has apositivenet present value.

  29. Internal-Rate-of-Return Method • The internal rate of return is the true economic return earned by the asset over its life. • The internal rate of return is computed by finding the discount rate that will cause the net present value of a project to be zero.

  30. Internal-Rate-of-Return Method • Black Co. can purchase a new machine at a cost of $104,320 that will save $20,000 per year in cash operating costs. • The machine has a 10-year life.

  31. Internal-Rate-of-Return Method Future cash flows are the same every year in this example, so we can calculate the internal rate of return as follows: Investment required Net annual cash flows = Present value factor $104, 320 $20,000 =5.216

  32. Internal-Rate-of-Return Method The present value factor (5.216) is located on the Table IV in the Appendix. Scan the 10-period row and locate the value 5.216. Look at the top of the column and you find a rate of14% which is the internal rate of return. $104, 320 $20,000 = 5.216

  33. Internal-Rate-of-Return Method Here’s the proof . . .

  34. Comparing the NPV and IRR Methods Net Present Value • The cost of capital is used as the actual discount rate. • Any project with a negative net present value is rejected.

  35. Internal Rate of Return The cost of capital is compared to the internal rate of return on a project. To be acceptable, a project’s rate of return must be greater than the cost of capital. Net Present Value The cost of capital is used as the actual discount rate. Any project with a negative net present value is rejected. Comparing the NPV and IRR Methods

  36. Comparing the NPV and IRR Methods The net present value method has the following advantages over the internal rate of return method . . . • Easier to use. • Easier to adjust for risk. • Provides more usable information.

  37. Assumptions Underlying Discounted-Cash-Flow Analysis Assumes a perfect capital market. All cash flows are treated as though they occur at year end. Cash inflows are immediately reinvested at the required rate of return. Cash flows are treated as if they are known with certainty.

  38. Choosing the Hurdle Rate • The discount rate generally is associated with the company’scost of capital. • The cost of capital involves a blending of the costs of all sources of investment funds, both debt and equity.

  39. Tax Return Form 1120 Depreciable Assets Both the NPV and IRR methods focus on cash flows, and periodic depreciation charges are not cash flows . . . Depreciation is tax deductible and . . . Reduces cash outflows for taxes.

  40. Comparing Two Investment Projects To compare competing investment projects we can use the following net present value approaches: • Total-Cost Approach. • Incremental-Cost Approach.

  41. Total-Cost Approach • Black Co. is trying to decide whether to remodel an old car wash or remove it entirely and install a new one. • The company uses a discount rate of 10%.

  42. Total-Cost Approach • The new washer costs $300,000 and will produce revenues for 10 years. • The brushes have to be replaced at the end of 6 years at a cost of $50,000. • The old washer has a current salvage value of $40,000. • The estimated salvage value of the new washer will be $7,000 at the end of 10 years. • Remodeling the old washer costs $175,000 and the brushes must be replaced at the end of 6 years at a cost of $80,000 . Should Black replace the washer?

  43. Total-Cost Approach If Black Co. installs the new washer, the investment will yield a positive net present value of $83,202.

  44. Total-Cost Approach If Black Co. remodels the existing washer, it will produce a positive net present value of $56,405.

  45. Total-Cost Approach Both projects yield a positive net present value. However, investing in the new washer will produce a higher net present value than remodeling the old washer.

  46. Incremental-Cost Approach Under the incremental-cost approach, only those cash flows that differ between the two alternatives are considered. Let’s look at an analysis of the Black Co. decision using the incremental-cost approach.

  47. Incremental-Cost Approach $300,000 new - $175,000 remodel = $125,000

  48. Incremental-Cost Approach $80,000 remodel - $50,000 new = $30,000

  49. Incremental-Cost Approach $60,000 new - $45,000 remodel = $15,000

  50. Incremental-Cost Approach We get the same answer under either the total-cost and incremental-cost approach.

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