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Logical Fallacies

Logical Fallacies. Manipulating your emotions to change your mind. Logical Fallacies. Loaded terms are words with strong emotional associations. They seem to exaggerate the qualities of a thing or the idea. Examples: Mentally challenged" in place of “retard" and other terms

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Logical Fallacies

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  1. Logical Fallacies Manipulating your emotions to change your mind

  2. Logical Fallacies Loaded terms are words with strong emotional associations. They seem to exaggerate the qualities of a thing or the idea. Examples: • Mentally challenged" in place of “retard" and other terms • "African American" in place of "Black," "Negro," and other terms • "Native American" (or "First Nations" in Canada) in place of "Indian" • "Caucasian" in place of "White" and other terms • "Gender-neutral" terms such as "firefighter" in place of "fireman" (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Political_correctness) http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=7fqCS7Y_kME Pearson Lit. pg. 408

  3. Logical Fallacies Word Choice • Denotations—the specific meanings of words. purse–noun 1. a woman's handbag or pocketbook 2. a small bag, pouch, or case for carrying money 3. anything resembling a purse in appearance, use, etc.

  4. Logical Fallacies Word Choice Connotations—the positive or negative ideas associated with the word Purse: Part of Speech: noun (1) Definition: tote for carrying personal items Synonyms: , billfold, bursa, carryall, , , handbag, , leather, lizard, moneybag, pocket, pocketbook, , pouch, receptacle, reticule, sack, wallet (2) Definition: award; winnings Synonyms: coffers, exchequer, funds, treasury There are 100 more synonyms for “purse.” Each word has a different meaning to people.

  5. Logical Fallacies False Assumptions and Incorrect Premises Writers use flawed starting points for arguments, and their conclusions are invalid. Myth (False Assumption): Eating at night makes you fat. Reality: Calories count whenever you eat them. There's no proof for this myth, Rosenbloom says. She notes some small studies with mixed results, but all in all, Rosenbloom says, it's your calorie total that matters, day or night. Pearson pp. 408 and 573

  6. Logical Fallacies To find out if a statement is a false assumption or incorrect premise, ask “Is this true in EVERY case?” If the answer is no, then the argument is invalid.

  7. Logical Fallacies Caricatures Writers use extreme descriptions of people or positions to appeal to the reader’s emotions. • http://www.comedycentral.com/videos/index.jhtml?videoId=221531&title=larry-the-cable-guy---foxworthy-s-opening-act Who is Archie Bunker making fun of? How do you know? • http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=MQU88qhFEsA&feature=related&safety_mode=true&persist_safety_mode=1&safe=active Who is Peanut laughing at? How do you know?

  8. Logical Fallacies Leading Questions Writers use questions worded in ways that suggest the desired answers. They can refer to authorities or experts in the questions. One example would be: “You were at Duffy's Bar on the night of July 15, weren't you?” • It suggests that the witness was at Duffy's Bar on the night in question. The same question in a non-leading form would be: “Where were you on the night of July 15?” • This form of question does not suggest to the witness the answer the examiner hopes to elicit. (Wikipedia: Leading Questions, July 12, 2011)

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