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Faults, especially Normal

Learn about different types of faults, their characteristics, and terminology in geology. This article explores normal faults, fault zones, offset stratigraphy, scarp patterns, and tectonic environments of faulting.

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Faults, especially Normal

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  1. Faults, especially Normal January 18, 2005

  2. Free Write 10 Minutes How did you feel at Natural Bridges? Successful? Fear? On task? Bored? Confused? Did you feel clear on what you were being asked to do and why we asked you to do it?

  3. Know These Terms • Footwall vs. Hanging wall • Fault plane vs. Fault zone vs. Shear zone • Offset: • Normal vs. thrust/reverse vs. strike-slip vs. oblique • Heave and throw • True vs. apparent

  4. Fault vs. Fault zone vs. Shear Zone

  5. Micro to Macro Faults

  6. Oblique Slip

  7. They gotta terminate somewhere…

  8. Normal Fault Terms • Scarp • Offset stratigraphy on maps and in drill cores • Triangular Facets • Offset streams • Two models - Horsts and Grabins • Termination

  9. Outcrop Patterns of Faults

  10. Drill Core Patterns of Faults

  11. Outcrops of Scarps

  12. Atila Ayden at long, small offset normal fault.

  13. Length Vs. Offset of faults

  14. Grabin Shape Models

  15. Space Problem Illustrated

  16. Space Problem - Rollover Anticlines

  17. Normal Fault Folds -Roll-over Anticlines and Synclines

  18. Detachment Faults

  19. Normal fault scarp with indurated brecciaBreccia on normal fault. Quaternary Klamath Lake Ore. Note colluvial deposit against fault scarp. Smoother areas of fault show finer gouge that has not been weathered out from between breccia-size fragments.

  20. Normal Scarp in the Andes (Glenn Wallace)

  21. Slickenlines on hanging wall. Note brecciated textures above and below slickenlined gouge face.

  22. Indurated breccia on detachment surface. Note coarse lineation parallel to pen.

  23. Tectonic Environments of Normal Faulting • Continental Rifting • Oceanic Spreading Ridges - Mid Ocean Basins • Sedimentary Basins - Compaction and gravitational collapse • Pull-apart basins - TRANSTENSION

  24. Continent Rifting

  25. Continental regional extension -Basin and Range is unique.

  26. B&R topography

  27. Flatirons (triangular facets)

  28. Detachment surface in Whipple Mtns. Gneissic basement complex below. Young volcanic rocks and scraps of basement above.

  29. Cross Section by Eric Frost, San Diego State University

  30. Ridges of the World

  31. Mid-Atlantic Ridge

  32. Sedimentary BasinsGravitational Shelf Collapse

  33. Sample Seismic Line

  34. A word about transtension

  35. Pull -apart basins on transform margins

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