Social Environmentalism

1. Social Environmentalism The Development of the Environmental Movement

2. Turn of the Century Gilford Pinchot Join Muir Teddy Rossevelt John J. Audubon Perspective Conservation Preservation Multiple Use Game Protection Man’s Perspectives on Nature: 1800’s • Focus: • Land Protection • Wildlife (game) Conservation • Recreation: National Parks, Monuments • Multiple Use

3. Denora, PA (1920) Thermal inversion Pittsburgh’s Dark Noon Steel Mill Smoke Muellenburg Canyon “Where Paradise Lays” Coal mining Ashland, NC Fish Kills Textile Mills, Colored water Bald Eagles, Osprey near extinction, DDT NJ & NY Beach Closures Monogahalia River Leaded Gasoline (Pb) bias studies of babies Lake Erie Fish Kills The Cayahooga Burns Anthropogenic Impacts: 1900’s

4. Modern Era Rachel Carson 1962 Edward Abbey 1970’s 1960’s - 80’s 1990’s Future Focus Polluting Limited Resources DDT, Bio-accumulation Aesthetic Values Where is Man’s Ecological Niche? Pollution Cleanup Sustainability & Natural Hazards Man’s Perspectives on Nature: late 1900’s

5. Changing Perspectives • Early Man • Nature is a resource to use • 1800’s • Nature is a resource for multiple uses • Nature can assimilate man-made wastes • late-1900’s • Nature is a required resource for survival • worthy of protecting and not polluting

6. Congress takes action . . under pressure! • 1970 NEPA & Earth Day National Environmental Protection Act • 1972 CWA Clean Water Act • 1972 CAA Clean Air Act

7. Trustee of the environment for future generations Assure safe, healthful, productive, aesthetically & culturally pleasing surroundings Attain widest range of beneficial uses of the environment without degradation Preserve important historic, cultural, and natural aspects of our national heritage National Environmental Protection Act

8. Achieve a balance between population and resource use Enhance the quality of renewable resources and recycle resources that can be depleted NEPA

9. NEPA • ACKNOWLEDGES STEWARDSHIP • ACKNOWLEDGES POLLUTION • CONNECTION BETWEEN POPULATION GROWTH & RESOURCE DEPLETION • DOES THE PUBLIC NEED IT: BENEFITS .vs. COSTS ANALYSIS

10. NEPA • Conduct an Environmental Impact Assessment (EIS) • Consider the impact on the environment • Consider alternative planning measures • Consider the Null Alternative • i.e. do nothing

11. Polluter Pays Principle • No Externalities • The user pays their fair share • No free riders • Hardin: Tragedy of the Commons • Incorporate environmental degradation into costs • bottle deposits • tire disposal charge • waste oil surcharge

12. REGULATE Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) Enforcement Report directly to President (public relations) Big Stick Approach Sue under Nuisance Law Go After Stationary Sources • Factory’s • Big Manufacturer’s / Deep Pockets lined with $$$ • Energy Producers / Electric Utilities

13. Clean Water Act • 1972 • Clean up point and non-point source pollutants • Make American waterways “fishable, swimable, and drinkable”

14. Clean Water Act • 1972 • Control point and non-point source pollutants • Make American waterways “fishable, swimmable, and drinkable” Polluter Pays Principle • The user pays their fair share • no free riders (Hardin) • incorporate environmental degradation into costs • bottle deposits

15. Clean Air Act • 1970 • Point or Stationary Sources (Factory’s) • Mobile Sources (Transportation) • Primary Pollutants • PM, So2, Nox. O3, CO • Secondary Pollutants • 189 toxic chemicals, Pb, Cd, Hg, Cr

16. Clean Air Act • 1970 • Polluter Pays Principle • Point & Mobile Sources • Primary Pollutants • PM, So2, Nox. O3, CO • Secondary Pollutants • 189 toxic chemicals, Pb, Cd, Hg, Cr • Non-Attainment Areas: Class I, II, III • Pollution Standards Index: PSI