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Introduction to Aesthetics

Introduction to Aesthetics. Bernie Cantens Guest: Arash naraghi. Judgments/Beliefs/Claims. What is a judgment? What is a belief? What is a subjective judgment? What is an objective judgment? What is a value judgment?. What is a universal judgment? What is a necessary judgment?

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Introduction to Aesthetics

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  1. Introduction to Aesthetics Bernie Cantens Guest: Arashnaraghi

  2. Judgments/Beliefs/Claims • What is a judgment? • What is a belief? • What is a subjective judgment? • What is an objective judgment? • What is a value judgment? • What is a universal judgment? • What is a necessary judgment? • What is a contingent judgment?

  3. Judgments/Beliefs/Claims • What are descriptive Judgments? • What are normative Judgments? • Ethics- ACTIONS • Logic-THINKING • Aesthetics-VALUING

  4. Knowledge What is Knowledge? What is Opinion?

  5. What is evidence? What is an empirical ( a posteriori) judgment/claim/belief? What is a rational (a priori) judgment/claim/belief? What is justification and why is it important?

  6. What is Truth A statement is true if and only if the meaning of the statement corresponds to the way the world is. So the statement “It is raining outside” is true if and only if it is raining outside and false if it is not raining outside.

  7. Truth vs. Understanding Truth is said of statements. That is, statements are true or false. Understanding is said of a person. That is an agent understands or does not understand.

  8. Truth vs. Understanding What is a philosophers goal? To Understand as much as possible. To have as many true beliefs and as little false beliefs as possible.

  9. Truth and Understanding Understanding can undermine the search for a definitive truth value. The more you understand the less clear it may become as to whether a given statement is true or false.

  10. Knowledge and Truth Explain the relationship between knowledge and truth?

  11. Rationality What is rationality? What is irrationality? What is non-rationality?

  12. Ambiguity and Vagueness Ambiguity exists when a word or claim there is more than one meaning. Amphibolies are ambiguous, e.g., “I killed the elephant in pajamas.” Equivocations are ambiguous, e.g., I love chocolate. You should never eat the ones you love. Therefore, you should never eat chocolate.

  13. Vagueness Vagueness exists when a word or claim only has one meaning but it is imprecise, or not definite. Something is vague if it provides a rough estimate, e.g., John is rich. Joe is poor. Harry is tall. Raquel is short. Feeling comfortable with vagueness. Vagueness is ok sometimes.

  14. Degrees Beliefs - degrees (strong- weak) Evidence - degrees (strong-weak) Truth – Does not come in degrees.

  15. Review Judgments are a statements that have a truth value, meaning they are either true or false but not both. Subjectivejudgments are about one’s feelings (internal). Objective judgments are about the world (external). Normativejudgments are “ought” claims and tell one how one should ACT, how one should reason THINK, and (possibly) what one should VALUE. Descriptive judgments are matter of fact judgments and tell one how the world is: How people ACT, how people THINK, and what people VALUE.

  16. Review Necessary judgments are claims that, under no circumstances, could be conceived as false. Contingent judgments are claims that could (or could have been) either true or false. Universal judgments are claims that are either true or false and their truth value is applicable to everyone at all times.

  17. Review A priori judgments are claims that are known through reason. A posteriori judgments are claims that are known through experience (sense faculties).

  18. Review Rationality is to believe in accordance with the evidence, given a properly evidential context. Irrationality is to believe contrary to the evidence. Non-rational is to believe without regard to evidence.

  19. Review Knowledge is a justified, true, belief.

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