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Development and Differentiation

Explore the intricate process of development and differentiation starting from the union of an egg and sperm, leading to genetic recombination, cell division, and specialization. Understand how gene expression shapes diverse cell types and influences human development, pregnancy, and impacts from external factors. Discover the role of reproductive technologies in assisting couples with fertility challenges.

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Development and Differentiation

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  1. Development and Differentiation

  2. An egg and a sperm cell combine in the process called… …Fertilization - results in genetic recombination Egg cell (haploid) Sperm cell (haploid) Zygote (diploid)

  3. After fertilization, • the zygote divides by mitosis DIFFERENTIATION BEGINS MITOSIS

  4. After mitosis… • The cells begin to take on specific functions. • This process is called differentiation. • leads to the various cell types • Ex. blood cells, kidney cells, and nerve cells

  5. As a result • Every cell of an organism has the same DNA • But depending on the cell type, some genes are turned on and which are turned off • This is called gene expression

  6. Each cell has a full cookbook Pull out and make one recipe

  7. Gene expression can change due to signals from inside and outside the cell • Hormones • Temperature • Chemicals

  8. In the alligator snapping turtle (bottom left), more males develop at moderate temperatures than very cool or very warm ones. But temperatures at which maleness is determined varies among species.

  9. Human Development • Embryonic developmentoccurs in the uterus • After 2 months the major organs have formed and the embryo becomes a fetus

  10. The placenta allows for the diffusion of nutrients, oxygen and waste between mother and baby

  11. Sonogram

  12. In the early stages of pregnancy, when the baby’s major organs are not fully developed • This is when the baby is most susceptible to damage. • The following can interfere with the baby's development: • Alcohol • prescription and recreational drugs • Infection • Nutritional deficiencies • X-rays or radiation therapy

  13. Reproductive Technology • help some couples to become pregnant • In vitro fertilization (IVF) • Egg donors • Sperm donors • Surrogate

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