Climate Science for Latin America: Vulnerability and Options for Increased Action

1. Climate Science for Latin America: Vulnerability and Options for Increased Action R. K. Pachauri 13 March 2014 Los Cabos

2. Climate science at the heart of sustainable policy making • Without appropriate measures climate change: • Will likely exacerbate poverty and slow down economic growth in developing countries • Will act as a ‘threat multiplier’, especially in developing countries Climate change adds to the list of stressors that challenge our ability to achieve the ecologic, economic and social objectives that define sustainable development Source : IPCC

3. Extreme events during and by the end of the 21st century • It is very likely that the length, frequency, and/or intensity of warm spells or heat waves will increase over most land areas • Under some scenarios, a 1-in-20 year hottest day is likely to become a 1-in-2 year event in most regions • It is likely that the frequency of heavy precipitation or the proportion of total rainfall from heavy falls will increase over many areas of the globe Source : IPCC SREX

4. Climate science at the heart of sustainable policy making Fatalities are higher in developing countries From 1970-2008, over 95% of natural-disaster-related deaths occurred in developing countries Source : IPCC

5. Vulnerability of industry to climate change • Industry is particularly vulnerable to the impacts of extreme weather. In order to adapt to these, companies can: • Design resistant facilities • Relocate plants to less vulnerable locations • Diversify raw material sources, especially agricultural or forestry inputs • Industry is also vulnerable to impacts of changes in consumer preference and government regulation in response to climate change. Companies can respond to these by: • Mitigating their own emissions • Developing lower-emission products Source : IPCC

6. Observed globally averaged combined land and ocean surface temperature anomaly 1850-2012 Source : IPCC AR5

7. Ocean warming dominates the increase in energy stored in the climate system, accounting for more than 90% of the energy accumulated between 1971 and 2010 (high confidence). It is virtually certain that the upper ocean (0-700 m) warmed from 1971 to 2010, and it likely warmed between the 1870s and 1971.

8. The rate of sea level rise since the mid-19th century has been larger than the mean rate during the previous two millennia (high confidence). Over the period 1901 to 2010, global mean sea level rose by 0.19 (0.17 to 0.21) m. • The atmospheric concentration of carbon dioxide, methane, and nitrous oxide have increased to levels unprecedented in at least the last 800,000 years. Carbon dioxide concentration have increased by 40% since pre-industrial times, primarily from fossil fuel emissions and secondarily from net land use change emissions. The ocean has absorbed about 30% of the emitted anthropogenic carbon dioxide, causing ocean acidification. Source : IPCC AR5

9. Human influence has been detected in warming of the atmosphere and the ocean, in changes in the global water cycle, in reductions in snow and ice, in global mean sea level rise, and in changes in some climate extremes. This evidence for human influence has grown since AR4. It is extremely likely that human influence has been the dominant cause of the observed warming since the mid-20th century. Source : IPCC AR5

10. Adaptation and Mitigation “Neither adaptation nor mitigation alone can avoid all climate change impacts; however, they can complement each other and together can significantly reduce the risks of climate change” - IPCC Fourth Assessment Report Source : IPCC AR4

11. Estimated economic potential ranges for GHG mitigation in the energy supply and end-use sectors, above the assumed baseline for different regions

12. RE costs are still higher than existing energy prices, but in various settings RE is already competitive Source : IPCC SRREN

13. Source : IPCC AR5

14. Future changes in the climate system • The global ocean will continue to warm during the 21st century. • It is very likely that the Arctic sea ice cover will continue to shrink and thin as global mean surface temperature rises. • Global glacier volume will further decrease. • Global mean sea level will continue to rise during the 21st century Source : IPCC AR5

15. A technological society has two choices. First it can wait until catastrophic failures expose systemic deficiencies, distortion and self deceptions… Secondly, a culture can provide social checks and balances to correct for systemic distortion prior to catastrophic failures” - Mahatma Gandhi

16. We shall have to know more about the origins of conflicts……As I see it, next to reasonable politics, learning is in our world the true credible alternative to force.” - Welly Brandt

17. Problems cannot be solved at the same level of awareness that created them.” - Albert Einstein