Latin America, Civilizations in Crisis, Russia and Japan in 1750-1914

1. Latin America, Civilizations in Crisis, Russia and Japan in 1750-1914 Chapters 25-26-27 AP World History Mr. Bartula

2. Latin America • Latin America was the first world region to be colonized and dominated by Europeans • At the beginning of the 1750-1914 period it was dominated by the Spanish and the Portuguese • Ideas from the European Enlightenment spread to Latin America and found support, particularly among the creoles

3. Influence from outside Latin America • The American and French Revolutions excited the creoles and mestizos who hoped for political and economic change in Latin America • Napoleon’s campaigns and invasions of Spain and Portugal meant Latin America was ignored by the Europeans during most of the early 1800s.

4. Haiti • 1791: a slave revolt overthrew the French colonial government and created an independent republic under Touissant L’Ouverture • The more radical elements of the French Revolution and the idea of black/mestizo revolts frightened the Creole elites in Latin America

5. 1810: First rebellion under Father Miguel de Hidalgo, who was supported by mestizos and Indians Mexican creoles did not support Father Hidalgo’s revolt, and it failed Mexico

6. Mexico • 1820: A second revolution broke out with Creole support. • 1821: Augustin de Iturbide was declared emperor of Mexico • 1824: Mexico became a Republic • Mexico initially included all of Central America • Considered a Conservative revolution as few social changes occured

7. Brazil • King Joao VI and the Portuguese Royal Family fled to Brazil during the Napoleonic wars • 1822, the King’s son proclaimed independence, and became Emperor Dom Pedro I • Also considered a Conservative revolution

8. The Liberal Revolutions of South America • 1817-1822 Simon Bolivar, a creole, led independence struggles in northern South America. • The new nation of Gran Colombia was formed from present day Venezuela, Colombia, and Ecuador • Bolivar admired the United States and wished to introduce similar plans of government and societies in South America

9. The Liberal Revolutions of South America • In southern South America, another creole, Jose de San Martin, led the independence struggle • Argentina, Chile, and Peru all gained independence by 1825 • San Martin also admired the United States and wished to emulate its government and society

10. More Conflict and Division in LatinAmerica Central America became independent of Mexico, formed a united nation, then broke up into independent states by 1838 Gran Colombia split into Venezuela, Ecuador, and Colombia in 1830 Paraguay and Uruguay became independent of Argentina Bolivia separated from Peru by 1839 Mexico lost its northern territories to the US in the Mexican War 1846-1848

11. Problems of the New Latin American Nations • Poor transportation and communication • Creole elites and the Roman Catholic Church held most political power • Liberal and Conservative Parties in most Latin American nations controlled by Creoles, followed similar policies • Army officers called caudillos ruled most nations as dictatorships • Women, mestizos, and Indians had little or no power • Small middle classes called for reform, but were blocked by the elites

12. Dependent Economies • Latin American economies were dominated by European and increasingly, American interests • Minerals,agricultural products, sugar, rubber, and coffee were important exports • Little industry

13. US Influence in Latin America • 1823 The US government announced the Monroe Doctrine to protect the new Latin American nations • Britain supported the Monroe Doctrine in order to protect its trade with Latin America • The Monroe Doctrine caused the United States to gain influence and power over Latin America

14. Mexico • The defeat in the Mexican War caused the overthrow of the caudillo, Santa Anna, and the creation of a liberal constitution in Mexico • 1855: La Reforma, a period of liberal reforms and democratization, began • 1861: Benito Juarez, a Native American, was elected President

15. Mexico • 1862: France invaded Mexico, with conservative support. Juarez was forced to retreat into Northern Mexico. • Maximilian von Hapsburg and his wife Carlota were installed as Emperor and Empress of Mexico by the French • Juarez led the conflict against the French for the next five years

16. Mexico • 1865: After the Civil War ended, the US invoked the Monroe Doctrine and ordered the French to leave Mexico • 1867: Abandoned by the French, Maximilian was captured and shot, and Juarez resumed power until his death in 1872 • After the death of Juarez, General Porfirio Diaz took power and ruled as a caudillo until 1910

17. Brazil • Under the liberal Dom Pedro II, Brazil became one of the most prosperous Latin American nations • After the abolition of slavery in 1888, Dom Pedro II was overthrown and a republic was declared • Caudillos controlled Brazil most of the time thereafter

18. Civilizations in Crisis: The Ottomans • The Ottoman Empire had been wealthy and prosperous for most of the 17th and 18th centuries. • The development of new trade routes by the Europeans led to a loss of revenue by the Ottomans • The Ottomans didn’t industrialize and fell under European influence as European power increased

20. Ottoman Weaknesses in the 19th Century • “The Sick Man of Europe” • Weak, uneducated, sultans • Janissaries • Corruption • Increasing economic domination by Europeans

21. Mahmud II (1808-1839) and the Tanzimat Reforms • Energetic Sultan who recognized reform was necessary • 1824: Executed 25,000 Janissaries • Tanzimat reforms introduced western style education; postal system and telegraph; railroads. European advisors to help industrialize and Westernize • Changes in the status of women were discussed but not implemented

22. Continued Problems for the Ottomans • Sultans after the death of Mahmud II were not as interested in reform • Europeans preferred to keep the Ottomans as customers and thus did not encourage industrialization • European nations, particularly Austria and Russia, desired Ottoman territories

23. European Expansion into Ottoman lands • 1853-1856 The Crimean War: Russia invaded the Balkans • 1877-1878 Russo-Turkish War: Russia forced Ottomans to grant independence to the Balkans • 1912-1913 Balkan Wars: Balkan nations and Ottomans in conflict, forerunner of World War I

24. Fall of the Ottoman Empire • 1908: Reform minded “Young Turks” forced the abdication of the Sultan, began program of Westernization and modernization • 1914-1918 The Ottomans joined the Central Powers in World War I. After their defeat, the Ottoman Empire collapsed

25. Other Muslim Territories and European Influence • In 1801 Muhammad Ali became ruler of Egypt (part of Ottoman Empire, but actually independent) • Muhammad Ali attempted Westernization and industrialization • Europeans who wanted Egypt to produce only cotton blocked these reform efforts • The French and British governments forced the Egyptian government to allow them to construct the Suez Canal in the 1860s • Egypt became part of the British Empire by the 1880s

26. Other Muslim Territories and European Influence • 1870s: The Mahdist revolt against the British in the Sudan led to conflict in central Africa • After some successes, the Mahdist forces were finally defeated at Omdurman in 1898 • The British and other Europeans then extended their power in Muslim regions

27. Qing Dynasty China (1644-1911) and Western Influence • 1700s: Chinese economy and society was strong and prosperous • China had large positive balance of trade thanks to the trade in silver for Chinese products like silk, porcelain, and tea. • Enlightenment leaders in Europe pointed to China as a positive example.

29. The Three Greatest Qing Emperors • Kangxi (1662-1722) • Yongchen (1723-1735) • Qianlong (1736-1795) China experienced massive commercial development without industrialization. Having a unified empire meant China never felt the need to expand or colonize China felt superior to Europeans, whose trade they restricted and whose missionaries were banned

30. European Difficulties Trading With China • China’s demand for silver created a negative balance of trade for Europeans • China restricted European trade as soon as the first Portuguese arrived in the 1500s • China refused to allow free trade by Europeans: Europeans could trade only through one port • China required foreigners to be subservient and considered trade to be “tribute” to the Emperor

31. Early Signs of Chinese Decline, 1800 • Large population lacked sufficient food • Corruption in the examination system and other government offices • Increasing number of peasant revolts • Natural disasters increasing

32. The Opium Trade • Opium used as medicine and narcotic in China since 17th century (widely used in other areas, too) • Criminalized by Qing Emperors in 1729 • India a major opium producer • British East India Company began to bring opium into China in early 1800s

33. British Opium Warehouse in Patna, India

34. Effects of the Opium Trade on China • 1836: Opium the single most valuable import into China • China now had a negative trade balance • 1% of China’s population and 20% of its ruling classes were soon addicted to opium • 1839 Chinese officials seized and destroyed 3 million pounds of opium from British merchants, resulting in . . .

35. The Opium Wars 1839-1842, 1856-1860 • British forces using modern weapons quickly defeated Qing forces and captured several cities. It was the first war in which iron steamships were used • In the second Opium War, several Chinese cities were destroyed, and the Emperor’s Summer Palace outside Beijing was burned. This is still regarded by the Chinese as a symbol of European barbarism

36. The Summer Palace

37. Results of the Opium Wars • Treaty of Nanking (1842) and Treaty of Tientsin (1860) were humiliations for China • Chinese ports were opened to the West (Hong Kong) • Westerners were allowed to open legations (embassies) in Beijing • Foreign vessels allowed to navigate freely on Chinese rivers • Extraterritoriality granted to foreigners • Chinese forced to pay indemnities to the West • Foreigners (traders, missionaries) allowed to travel without restrictions in China

38. Western steamship in Chinese harbor

39. The Taiping Rebellion • 1850s-1860s, southern China • Hong Xiuquan • Anti-Confucianism, rights for peasants and women • Finally crushed after about twenty years, but at terrible cost

40. Self-Strengthening Movement • 1870s-1880s, aimed at countering Western power in China through modernization • Develop Western technology, industry, weapons, and education • Preserve Confucianism as superior to Western thought (“Western machines, Eastern thought”) • Failed due to opposition from Qing rulers

41. Dowager Empress Ci Xi (1835-1908): An obstacle to Chinese self strengthening

42. The Failure of Self-Strengthening • By the 1890s it was obvious self-strengthening had failed • In the Sino-Japanese War 1894-95, Japan invaded China and conquered northern territory. This reversed the historic relationship of Japan and China • In the Boxer Rebellion of 1900, the Dowager Empress made a final attempt to drive foreigners out of China. It resulted in the occupation of large sections of China by Western nations and Japan

43. Foreign armies in China in 1900

44. Carving Up The Melon • Western powers and Japan began carving China into spheres of influence • The US inspired the Open Door Policy allowing free trade within China (first major US foreign policy initiative)

45. The Chinese Revolution: 1911-12 • Western educated Chinese called for reforms and Westernization in the early 1900s • They fomented rebellions throughout China which weakened the Qing government • Sun-Yat-sen, a western educated doctor, led the revolt which toppled the Qing Dynasty and established a Chinese republic

47. Russia and Japan: Industrialization and Modernization Outside the West • Both Russia and Japan managed to avoid Western domination in the 1750-1914 period • Both industrialized later than the West, but were able to do so quickly • Both had prior experience with cultural imitation, and both practiced it during this period • Both practiced imperialism and came into conflict with each other over territory in Asia

49. Russia in the Nineteenth Century • Earlier Russian rulers had sought to modernize Russia without making fundamental changes in Russian society • 1812: Napoleon’s invasion of Russia frightened the Tsar and ruling classes and caused them to seek isolation for Russia

50. Russia Under Tsar Alexander I 1801-1825 • Grandson of Catherine the Great, originally reform minded • Became increasingly conservative and reactionary after Napoleon’s invasion • Sponsored the Holy Alliance to safeguard Europe from revolution