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Skeletal Study Tips

Skeletal Study Tips. ANATOMY Isengard. Study Plan of ACTION Look over all labeling & notes from pp. 2-6 In your notebook. ( It would help to cover tables and labels and have someone quiz you).

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Skeletal Study Tips

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  1. Skeletal Study Tips ANATOMY Isengard

  2. Study Plan of ACTION • Look over all labeling & notes from pp. 2-6 In your notebook. • ( It would help to cover tables and labels and have someone quiz you). • Look at the Chapter 5 Summary p. 157 and focus on your weakpoints. Ask Mrs. Isengard when in doubt! • Hematopoiesis-Red Blood Cell formation (Where does it occur?) • Classify between axial and appendicular skeleton bones. • Distinguish between shapes of bones-flat, irregular, long and short. • Draw the parts of an Osteon-Bone Structure (Haversian Canal) • Distinguish between Osteoclasts & Osteoblasts • Provide an example of each kind of skeletal joint (starts on p. 145)

  3. Joint Mobility & Bone Growth • Joint Mobility: Synarthrotic (immovable), Amphiarthroses (slightly movable) Diarthroses (freely movable) • Differences between Spongy & Compact Bone p.118 • Stages of Bone Cell Formation & Repair p. 122 & 124 • Bone Projections (Example, Foramen, Trochanter, Tuberosities (Table p. 119) • Bone Growth (Epiphyseal Plates/ Fontanelles) Why are these important and where are they located? • Distinguish between true, floating and false # of ribs • Distinguish and vertebrae (general location)-CTLSC (p.132)

  4. Record this Image (Osteon)

  5. BONE MARKINGS Every bump, groove, and hole has a name on your bones

  6. Bone Markings • Two types of bone markings: • Projections (aka processes) that grow out from the bone • Depressions (cavities) that indent the bone

  7. Joint Projections • 1) Condyle: Rounded articular projection Condyle

  8. Joint Projections • 2) Head: bony expansion on a narrow neck • 3) Facet: smooth, nearly flat articular surface

  9. Joint Projections • 4) Ramus: Armlike bar of bone

  10. Ligament/Tendon Projections 1) Crest: Narrow ridge of bone (Line: smaller than a crest) 2) Epicondyle: Raised area on or above a condyle ULNA

  11. 3) Tubercle: Small rounded projection 4) Tuberosity: large rounded or roughened projection 5) Trochanter: very large, blunt projection (only on femur) Proximal Tibia

  12. 6) Spine: Sharp, pointed projection Thoracic Vertebrae

  13. DEPRESSIONS • Allow blood vessels or nerves to pass through. 1) Meatus: (me - A- tus) Canal or tube

  14. Depressions 2) Fossa: shallow basin 3) Fissure: narrow, slit-like opening

  15. Depressions 4) Sinus: Cavity within a bone; filled with air and lined with mucous membranes 5) Foramen: Round or oval opening Foramen Magnum

  16. Depressions 6) Sulcus, Groove or Furrow: a shallow depression

  17. Projections Condyle Head Facet Ramus Crest Epicondyle Tubercle Tuberosity Trochanter Spine Depressions Meatus Fossa Fissure Sinus Sulcus or Groove or Furrow Review:

  18. BONE FORMATION, GROWTH AND REMODELING

  19. BONE FORMATION, GROWTH AND REMODELING • Bone and cartilage = 2 strongest and most supportive tissues • Embryos = all hyaline cartilage • entirely replaced in young child by bone • the only cartilage remaining in adult is in nose, ears, parts of ribs, joints

  20. BONE FORMATION, GROWTH AND REMODELING • Bone formation = ossification • except for flat bones, hyaline cartilage serves as a template • 2 step process • hyaline cartilage template is completely covered with bone matrix by osteoblasts (bone forming cells) • enclosed cartilage is digested away leaving the medullary cavity

  21. BONE FORMATION, GROWTH AND REMODELING • By birth, only 2 hyaline cartilage areas remain • articular cartilage – stays for life • Epiphyseal plates – provide longitudinal growth for childhood

  22. BONE FORMATION, GROWTH AND REMODELING • As new cartilage is continually formed on external face of articular cartilage the old underneath is broken down and replaced by bony matrix. • controlled by growth hormones and sex hormones • ends during adolescence as epiphyseal plates are converted to bone

  23. BONE FORMATION, GROWTH AND REMODELING • Bone is dynamic (not static) • remodeling in response to • Calcium levels in blood • Pull of gravity and muscles on skeleton • calcium levels drop → parathyroid releases PTH → activates osteoclasts (bone destroying cells)→ break down matrix → release calcium → calcium levels are homeostatic • calcium levels are too high → calcium is deposited in bone matrix as calcium salts

  24. BONE FORMATION, GROWTH AND REMODELING • Remodeling – occurs at sites where bones bear the most weight and where bulky muscles are attached, projections are formed • Osteoblasts lay down new matrix and become trapped in it; once trapped = osteocytes

  25. BONE FORMATION, GROWTH AND REMODELING • control of this process • PTH determine IF bone is to be broken down in response to need for more calcium in blood • stresses of muscles and gravity determine WHERE bone matrix is to be broken down or formed

  26. HOMEOSTATIC IMBALANCES Rickets Lack of calcium or vitamin D needed to absorb calcium

  27. Sample Test Questions • Compact bone is characterized by ________, whereas spongy bone is characterized by ________. • A) having epiphyses; having diaphyses • B) its internal location in bones; its external location in bones • C) dense tissue that looks smooth and homogenous; small needlelike pieces of bone and lots of open space • D) small needlelike pieces of bone and lots of open space; dense tissue that looks smooth and homogenous • E)having red marrow; having osteons

  28. Sample Test Questions • Compact bone is characterized by ________, whereas spongy bone is characterized by ________. • A) having epiphyses; having diaphyses • B) its internal location in bones; its external location in bones • C) dense tissue that looks smooth and homogenous; small needlelike pieces of bone and lots of open space • D) small needlelike pieces of bone and lots of open space; dense tissue that looks smooth and homogenous • E)having red marrow; having osteons

  29. Sample Test Questions • A structure found on the femur is the: A) intertrochanteric crest • B) lateral malleolus • C) intercondylarfossa • D) anterior crest • E) medial malleolus

  30. Sample Test Questions • A structure found on the femur is the: A) intertrochanteric crest • B) lateral malleolus • C) intercondylarfossa • D) anterior crest • E) medial malleolus

  31. Sample Test Questions • The process of long bone growth is controlled by ________, wheras bone remodeling is controlled by ________. A) vitamins; minerals • B) osteoblasts and osteoclasts; growth hormone and sex hormones • C) osteoblasts; osteoclasts • D) minerals; vitamins • E) growth hormone and sex hormones; osteoblasts and osteoclasts

  32. Sample Test Questions • The process of long bone growth is controlled by ________, wheras bone remodeling is controlled by ________. A) vitamins; minerals • B) osteoblasts and osteoclasts; growth hormone and sex hormones • C) osteoblasts; osteoclasts • D) minerals; vitamins • E) growth hormone and sex hormones; osteoblasts and osteoclasts

  33. Sample Test Question • The foramen magnum passes through the: A) axis • B) occipital bone • C) temporal bone • D) coxalbone • E) atlas

  34. Sample Test Question • The foramen magnum passes through the: A) axis • B) occipital bone • C) temporal bone • D) coxalbone • E) atlas

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