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What does not destroy me, makes me stronger.

What does not destroy me, makes me stronger. Friedrich Nietzsche. Stress & Coping. Stress: A disturbance in the homeostatic balance of a person’s life. It is induced by environmental demands that exceed the individual or system’s coping resources. Stress is taxing and has adverse

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What does not destroy me, makes me stronger.

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  1. What does not destroy me, makes me stronger. Friedrich Nietzsche

  2. Stress & Coping Stress: A disturbance in the homeostatic balance of a person’s life. It is induced by environmental demands that exceed the individual or system’s coping resources. Stress is taxing and has adverse cognitive, behavioral and physiological effects.

  3. Early Researchers • Erich Lindemann (1944) • Coconut Grove fire 1942 • Grief work • Stronger than before the trauma • Train others to help people deal with loss

  4. Early Researchers (cont’d) • Hans Selye (1956) • Physiological response to stress • Overcrowding, every day hassles • Similar defense reactions • General Adaptation Syndrome (GAS) • Alarm • Resistance • Exhaustion

  5. Early Researchers (cont’d) • Gerald Caplan (1961) • Dynamics of crisis theory • Similar responses to different stresses • Initial response leads to long-term adjustment • Either new strengths or new vulnerabilities • Crises entail both danger and possibility • Erik Erikson (1982) • Crises at different ages either lead to • growth or problems in development

  6. Schedule of Recent Events • Holmes and Rahe (1967) • List of major life events • Social Readjustment Rating Scale • Events most frequently preceding onset of illness • Assessment of previous year • SRE research links stress to: • Heart problems • Cancer • Depression • Anxiety • Isolation • Suicide • Paranoia • Aggression

  7. Model of Psychosocial Stress

  8. Psychosocial Stress • Event Factors • Number of events • Severity • Event valence • Control and predictability • Chronic vs. acute stress • Recency

  9. Psychosocial Stress • Individual Factors • Individual characteristics • Coping styles • Personality • Person-environment fit

  10. Psychosocial Stress • Environmental Factors • Families • Workplaces • Neighborhoods • Religious settings

  11. Psychosocial Stress • Social Support – are interpersonal connections that are perceived as helpful by the provider and/or the recipient. • Socially disconnected people are 5 times more likely to die from all causes. • Presence of others during a crisis increases the likelihood of a positive outcome; others cushion the impact of the stress. • Types of Support • Perceived and Enacted Support • Emotional support • Tangible support

  12. Interventions • Disaster Relief • Often prevents communities from mobilizing their own resources • Interferes with a sense of self-efficacy • Community members rise to the challenge and need that sense of control • Need may outlive the initial outpouring of support • Majority of disaster victims recover quickly • Interventions should help communities build their resources and capacities and become more competent following a disaster.

  13. Interventions • Mutual Help Groups • Voluntary, democratic • As many as 60% are professionally led • Greater reach than traditional therapy • No cost • Emotional expression, companionship • Problem solving • Often spiritual • Exchange of resources

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