AP Test Review Unit 1 – 5 Yippeee 

1. AP Test ReviewUnit 1 – 5 Yippeee

3. 1.1 Why Study Psychology? Psychology provides tools to help us gain insight into our own behavior, as well as our relationships with others. Definition of Psychology: the scientific study of behavior and mental processes.

4. 4 Goals of Psychology: • 1. Description: the kid at the candy aisle is having a melt down. • 2. Explanation:he wants the pretty candy • 3. Prediction:He will get the candy • 4. Influence: • Wal-Mart knows that moms have already lost patience with their kids by the time they get to the checkout line so they put the candy there to get the kids to wear mom down to buy the candy.

5. 2. Explanation Psychology is Empiricalthat means information is obtained through observation and experimentation not common sense or guessing. Psychology is a behavioral science. http://lewweb.net/science/images/SMflowchart.jpeg moisiadis.com

6. Are ideas inborn or is the mind a blank slate filled by experience? Getting closer to Modern Psychology… • Charles Darwin (1809-1882) • Theory of natural selection (1859) • Darwin’s theory encouraged scientific inquiry • Very controversial

7. One of his major contributions was to the field of psychology and he is often called the “Father of English Psychology.” John Locke In the essay, Locke proposes that we are all born with certain knowledge and principles that helps us to become part of society. The theory known as Tabula Rasa meaning white sheets helps explain development.  He states that it is through experience, of the world around us, this is how one forms ideas.  He further states that human knowledge is gathered in 2 distinct ways through sensation and reflection.

8. Wilhelm Wundt Structuralism vs. Broke down consciousness to basic thoughts. Introspection - self-observation of one’s own conscious experiences http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=SW6nm69Z_IE Functionalism Investigate the function, or purpose of consciousness rather than its structure Leaned toward applied work (natural surroundings) Environment William James (1842-1910)

9. William James What you have two daddies? Yes, one is your American Daddy. Known as the Father of American Psychology. You also need to know he wrote the 1st Psychology Book.

10. Contemporary Psychology • Psychology’s Perspectives • A lot depends on your viewpoint • You have 7 to remember: • Psychoanalysis • Cognitive • Behavioral • Biological • Socio-cultural • Humanistic • evolutionary

11. Evolutionary Perspective • Focuses on Darwinism. • We behave the way we do because we inherited those behaviors. • Thus, those behaviors must have helped ensure our ancestors survival. How could this behavior ensured Homer’s ancestors survival?

12. Hindsight Bias Hindsight bias is the tendency to think that past events were more predictable than they actually were.  !!!!Show variable videos Knowing about hindsight bias is useful in two ways:Firstly, it gives you something to say when your parents accuse you of failing to predict an event. You can accuse him of having hindsight bias.(Well, it's better than saying "Yeah, we know that now!")

13. The Barnum Effect • It is the tendency for people to accept very general or vague characterizations of themselves and take them to be accurate.

14. Hawthorne Effect • Just knowing you are participating in a study can change the outcome. Just the fact that you know you are in an experiment can cause change. http://www.propagandaposters.us/poster11.html

15. Statistics • Recording the results from our studies. • Must use a common language so we all know what we are talking about. Descriptive Statistics • Just describes sets of data. • You might create a frequency distribution. • Frequency polygons or histograms.

16. Validity and Reliability • Valid:it is accurate • Reliable: It can be replicated http://education-portal.com/academy/lesson/two-early-approaches-functionalism-and-structuralism.html

17. Operational Definitions • Explain what you mean in your hypothesis. • How will the variables be measured in “real life” terms. • How you operationalize the variables will tell us if the study is valid and reliable. Let’s say your hypothesis is that chocolate causes violent behavior. • What do you mean by chocolate? • What do you mean by violent behavior?

18. Beware ofConfounding Variables If I wanted to prove that smoking causes heart issues, what are some confounding variables? • The object of an experiment is to prove that A causes B. • A confounding variable is anything that could cause change in B, that is not A. Lifestyle and family history may also effect the heart.

19. Types of Research The Simple ExperimentThe simple experiment is one of the most basic methods of determining if there is a cause-and-effect relationship between two variables. Find more information on the parts of a simple experiment and how results are measured. Correlational StudiesCorrelational studies are one of the two major types of psychology research. Learn more about the subtypes of correlational studies as well as methods of observation and scientific surveys. What Is Longitudinal Research?Longitudinal research involves conducting a study over a period of time, sometimes for months or even years. What Is a Cross-Sectional Study?Cross-sectional research is a type of research method often used in developmental psychology, but also utilized in many other areas including social science, education and other branches of science... What Is a Survey?Surveys are an important data collection tool often used in psychology research. Surveys have the benefit of being easy and relatively inexpensive to administer. Case StudyA case study is a type of research than involves closely following one individual or group of people. This type of research is often used in situations where researchers are observing something fairly rare or difficult to replicate in a lab setting.

20. Assignment • Assignment is the process by which participants are put into a group, experimental or control. • Random Assignment means that each participant has an equal chance of being placed into any group.

21. Standard Deviation http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=xgQhefFOXrM&feature=related

22. Standard Deviation pt. 2 • Its symbol is σ • The formula is easy: it is the square root of the Variance. So now you ask, "What is the Variance?" • Variance • The Variance is defined as: • The average of the squared differences from the Mean. • To calculate the variance follow these steps: • Work out theMean(the simple average of the numbers) Then for each number: subtract the Mean and square the result (the squared difference). Then work out the average of those squared differences. (Why Square?) http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=pFGcMIL2NVo

23. Z score A unit that measures the distance of one score from the mean. • A positive z score means a number above the mean. • A negative z score means a number below the mean.

24. Negatively skewed distribution (mean<median<mode) Positively skewed distribution (mean>median>mode) http://www.sophia.org/identifying-positive-skew/identifying-positive-skew-tutorial?topic=measures-of-shape

25. Outliers, skew distributions. When a distribution includes an extreme score that is very high the distribution is said to be positively skewed.

26. Measures of Varibiality • Range: distance between the highest and lowest score in a distribution. • Variance and standard deviation are closely related, the standard deviation is simply the square root of the variance and both measure the average distance of any score from the mean.

27. Range = Maximum – Minimum Range Simplest measure of variation Difference between the largest and the smallest observations • Team I has range 6 inches, Team II has range 17 inches. • Disadvantages of the Range • Ignores the way in which data are distributed • Only uses two entries from the data set • Sensitive to outliers • . http://rchsbowman.wordpress.com/2010/09/01/statistics-notes-%E2%80%94-measures-of-variation/

29. How to Read a Correlation Coefficient Correlations may be either strong or weak. They can be computed by a statistic called the correlation coefficient. Hint -.92 is exactly as strong as +.92

30. Descriptive Statistics Descriptive Statistics consists of organizing and summarizing data. Inferential Statistics Interfential Statistics consists of using data you’ve collected to form conclusions. Here's a sample question: Let’s say there are 20 statistics classes at your university, and you’ve collected the ages of all the students in one class. Ages of students in your statistics class: 19, 21, 18, 18, 34, 30, 25, 26, 24, 24, 19, 18, 21, 49, 27 A descriptive question that could be asked about this data is "What is the most common age of student in your statistics class?" The answer in this case would be 18. An inferential question that could be asked about this data is "Are the ages of the students in this classroom similar to what you would expect in a normal statistics class at this university?" In statistics, we deal with populations and samples.

31. Inferential Statistics • p value = likelihood that results are a fluke or coincidental • Which should you trust more, results with a low or high p value? • How low? • If p < 0.05, then the results are “statistically significant”. • Statistically significant – not likely due to random chance Infer your data get it infer hahahahaha

32. Unit 2 Biological

33. Glial Cells Your brain is composed of trillions of neurons and glial cells. Glial Cells-guide the growth of developing neurons and help provide nutrition for and get rid of wastes of neurons and help form an insulating sheath around neurons that speeds conduction. Neurogenesis: the growth of new nuerons. (get it grow a genius hahaha) myroadtomedicalschool.blogspot.com

34. Neurons do NOT touch each other- the space in between is call the synapse.

35. Sensory Neurons(Afferent Neurons) • Sends signals TO the CNS (Central Nervous System) For example, touching a Hot Flame would send the signal to the CNS. (red arrow) http://www.flatworldknowledge.com/pub/introduction-psychology/67053#web-67053

36. Motor Neuronsor Efferent • Sends signals AWAY from the CNS. For example, if you were about to hit a soccer ball a message will come away from the CNS to tell your leg to kick. http://www.flatworldknowledge.com/pub/introduction-psychology/67053#web-67053

37. InterNeurons(Get it “in” the brain) hahaha • Contained within the CNS. Does the processing in the brain. http://www.flatworldknowledge.com/pub/introduction-psychology/67053#web-67053

38. Acetylcholine (ACh)involved in voluntary movement, learning, memory, and sleep • +Too much acetylcholine is associated with depression, and too little in the hippocampus has been associated with dementia • -Lack of ACh has been linked to Alzheimer’s disease. Also, if ACh is unable to reach our muscles, then they can’t contract and we are paralyzed.

39. Acetylcholine (ACh)involved in voluntary movement, learning, memory, and sleep • Thought this was cook also causes paralysis and found in Botox and botchalism and the Black widow spider’s venom contains ach

40. How a Neuron Fires called the All or Nothing Response

41. Dopamine • Its function is motor movement and alertness. -Lack of dopamine is associated with Parkinson’s disease. +Overabundance is associated with schizophrenia.

42. The Endocrine System A system of glands that secrete hormones. Similar to nervous system, except hormones work a lot slower than neurotransmitters. Neurotransmitters slow • exerts control by releasing special chemical substances into the blood called hormones fast

43. Serotonin • Function deals with mood control. That includes sexual activity, concentration, attention and emotions. -Lack of serotonin has been linked to depression.

44. Brain Structures: Midbrain • Coordinates simple movements with sensory information. • Most important structure in Midbrain is the Reticular Formation: controls arousal and ability to focus our attention.

45. Glutamate • Major excitatoryneurotransmitter involved in information processing throughout the cortex and especially memory formation in the hippocampus. Both schizophrenia and Alzheimer’s may involve glutamate receptors. 6. Dopamine & Glutamate in Addiction http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=op0XqgWQn7E

46. GABA • Gamma-aminobutyric acid We become addicted to endorphin causing feelings. glassrocklife.com

47. Drugs and alcohol bind important receptors on neurons

48. Agonists and Antagonist BLOCKS Antagonists block a receptor site inhibiting the effect of the neurotransmitter or agonist. • Binds: • Agonists may mimic a neurotransmitter and bind to its receptors site to produce the effect of the neurotransmitter 018 Agonists and Antagonists http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=uXREQnFGHGA

49. Brain Structures: The Cerebral Cortex • Made up of densely packed neurons we call “gray matter” • Glial Cells: support brain cells. • Wrinkles are called fissures. • If you lay brain out it would be as big as a large Pizza 2000 pizza.

50. Frontal LobeThe Broca and Wernick Wernick-Decodes speech Broca-Commands speech http://www.learner.org/resources/series142.html?pop=yes&pid=1574