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Animal Nutrition

Animal Nutrition. Agscience I. Need for Nourishment. Body processes require the use of energy Obtained from ingested or stored fat Animals must have food to store energy in fat cells. Need for Nourishment. Animals spend most of their time in search of food

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Animal Nutrition

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  1. Animal Nutrition Agscience I

  2. Need for Nourishment • Body processes require the use of energy • Obtained from ingested or stored fat • Animals must have food to store energy in fat cells

  3. Need for Nourishment • Animals spend most of their time in search of food • Maintenance ration must be met first

  4. Need for Nourishment • Wild animals eat a variety of foods to obtain proper nutrients • Agriculture animals depend on the producer to provide a balanced ration

  5. Feedstuff • One component of a feed ration • Not normally fed by itself

  6. Essential Nutrients • Carbohydrates • Fats • Proteins • Vitamins • Minerals • Water

  7. Carbohydrates • Main source of energy • Compounds of • Carbon • Hydrogen • Oxygen • Name comes from carbon atoms bonded with hydroxide groups

  8. Carbohydrates • Almost all come from plants • Generally found in: • Wheat • Oats • Barley

  9. Carbohydrates • Includes: • Sugars • Starches • Cellulose

  10. Carbohydrates • Sugars • Aka: saccharides • lactose

  11. Carbohydrates • Types of sugars • Monosaccharides • Simple Sugars • One sugar molecule • E.g. • Glucose • Fructose • galactose

  12. Carbohydrates • Types of Sugars • Disaccharides • Complex sugars • 2 sugar molecules • E.g. • Sucrose • Lactose • Table sugar – glucose & fructose

  13. Carbohydrates • Types of sugars • Polysaccharides • Complex sugar • Several carbohydrates combined • Can be made into long chains • Structure of alpha-carrageenan, a polysaccharide commonly used in the food industry

  14. Carbohydrates • Starches • Polysaccharide • Occur in pasta & potatoes • energy

  15. Carbohydrates • Cellulose • Found in plants • Used to support or protect an organism • E.g. wood, cell walls of plants

  16. Fats • Group of organic compounds known as lipids • Found in plants and animals • Provide and store energy

  17. Fats • Most important sources are the grains that contain oil

  18. Fats • Triglyceride • Made up of a molecule called glycerol. • Connected to 1,2,or 3 fatty acids • Made up of a 3-carbon chain

  19. Fats • Fatty Acids • Long chain of carbon atoms connected to each other • Essential Fatty Acids • Necessary for production of some hormones and hormone like substances

  20. Fats • Saturated Fats • Has as many hydrogen atoms as it can hold • No double bond • Mostly come from animals

  21. Fats • Unsaturated Fat • Has some hydrogen atoms missing • At least one double bond

  22. Fats • Unsaturated Fats • Monounsaturated • Missing 2 hydrogen atoms • Creates 1 double bond between carbons • Mostly plant sources • Olive oil

  23. Fats • Unsaturated Fats • Polyunsaturated • Missing more than 4 hydrogen atoms • Creates at least 2 double bond between carbons • Safflower/sunflower oil

  24. Protein • Largest & most costly part of the ration. • Composed of amino acids

  25. Amino Acids • Amino Acids • Building blocks of life • Tissue Development • Muscle Production • Two Carbon Bon • Carboxyl Group • C & 2 - O & H • Amino Group • C + NH2

  26. Amino Acids • Twenty types of standard amino acids • 8 Essential • 12 Nonessential

  27. Protein • Enzymes are composed of protein • Protein can be used to supply energy

  28. Protein • Some animals need more protein than others • Young animals • Lactating (milk producing) animals

  29. Protein • Crude Protein Content • Total amount of protein in feed • Calculated by multiplying nitrogen content percentage times 6.25

  30. Protein • Digestible Protein • The protein in a feed that can be digested and used by the animal • Usually about 50% – 80% of crude protein

  31. Protein • Protein Sources • Animal • Slaughterhouse byproducts • Dried fish meal

  32. Protein • Protein Sources • Plant • Superior to animal sources • Cottonseed meal • Soybean meal • Linseed meal • Peanut meal • Corn meal • Brewer’s dried grains

  33. Protein • Balancing rations is based on amino acid content

  34. Vitamins • Considered micronutrients • Essential for the development of normal body processes.

  35. Vitamins • Health • Growth • Production • Reproduction

  36. Vitamins • Provides animal with the ability to: • Fight stress • Fight disease • Maintain good health

  37. Vitamins • Vitamin A • Fat soluble • Function: • Required in retinol for night vision • Needed for bone growth • Deficiency • Night blindness • Reproductive problems • Respiratory infection • Sources • Eggs, oily fish, liver, kidneys

  38. Vitamins • Vitamin D • Fat soluble • Function: •  Ca & K levels allowing bone mineralization • Prevents tetany • Deficiency • Abnormal skeletal development • Lameness, bowed & crooked legs, slowed growth • Sources • Milk, fish oils

  39. Vitamins • Vitamin E • Fat soluble • Function: • Absorbing iron to protect the circulatory system • Deficiency • Failure of the reproductive system • Muscular lesions • Sources • Whole grains, nuts, milk, eggs

  40. Vitamins • Vitamin K • Fat soluble • Function: • Required for Blood Clotting • Deficiency • Long blood clot time, hermorrhages • Sources • Green Veggies, Whole Grains & Milk

  41. Vitamins • Thiamin (B1) • Water soluble • Function: • Promotes Health • Deficiency • Anorexia • Beriberi in humans • Sources • Beans, whole grain foods, rice

  42. Vitamins • Riboflavin (B2) • Water soluble • Function: • Functions in coenzymes • Deficiency • Reduced growth weight; skin lesions; hair loss • Sources • Dairy foods, yeast, liver

  43. Vitamins • Niacin (B3) • Water soluble • Function: • Used by cells in energy metabolism • Deficiency • Decreased appetite; diarrhea; vomiting; dermatitis • Sources • Meat, fish, poultry & nuts

  44. Vitamins • Pantothenic Acid (B5) • Water soluble • Function: • Needed in energy metabolism • Deficiency • Slowed growth; dermatitis; graying of the hair; fetal death; skin lesions • Sources • Whole grains, fish, eggs, chicken & nuts

  45. Vitamins • Vitamin B6 • Water soluble • Function: • Help with protein & N metabolism • Involved in formation of red blood cells • Deficiency • Convulsions • Lesions around feet, face and ears • Sources • Meat, cabbage, melon, egg, whole grain

  46. Vitamins • Vitamin B12 • Water soluble • Function: • Needed in several enzyme systems • Deficiency • Anemia • Retardations • Skin pigmentation • Sources • Meat, fish, poultry and dairy product

  47. Vitamins • Folacin (B9) • Water soluble • Function: • Used in a variety of metabolic reactions • Deficiency • Slow growth rate; anemia • Sources • Grains, meats, beans, veggies & fruits

  48. Vitamins • Biotin (Vitamin H) • Water soluble • Function: • Needed for several enzyme systems • Deficiency • Scaly skin; abnormalities of the circulatory system • Sources • Liver, egg yolk, green veggies, whole grains

  49. Vitamins • Choline (Vitamin H) • Water soluble • Function: • Aid in transmission of nerve impulses • Deficiency • Fatty liver: hemorrhaging kidney • Sources • Liver, egg, beans, veggies

  50. Vitamins • Ascorbic Acid (Vitamin C) • Water soluble • Function: • Prevents scurvy • Causes several metabolic reactions to occur • Deficiency • Scurvy-edema, weight loss, and diarrhea • Sources • Fruits, veggies, potatoes

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