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Authored by Rich Simerson 01-Jun-2007 Updated 01-Apr-2010 Modified by Lt Colonel Fred Blundell TX-129 Fort Worth Senior Squadron For Local Training Rev 5.0 05-Jan-2014.
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Authored by Rich Simerson 01-Jun-2007Updated 01-Apr-2010Modified by Lt Colonel Fred BlundellTX-129 Fort Worth Senior Squadron For Local Training Rev 5.0 05-Jan-2014
This Training Slide Show is a project undertaken by Lt Colonel Fred Blundell of the TX-129 Fort Worth Senior Squadron, Fort Worth, TX for local use to assist those CAP Members interested in advancing their skills. The information contained herein is for CAP Member’s personal use and is not intended to replace or be a substitute for any of the CAP National Training Programs. Users should review the presentation’s Revision Number at the end of each file name to ensure that they have the most current publication.
Objectives • In basic terms, discuss how search planners determine the Maximum Area of Probability and then the Probability Area. • Given a POD table, discuss the advantages and disadvantages of various search altitudes and speeds over the three major types of terrain. • Discuss the importance of proper execution of search patterns. • Optional – Review PROBIBILITY OF DETECTION (Example)
Objectives(Continued) • Define the following search terms: • Ground and Search Track • Maximum Area of Possibility • Meteorological and Search Visibility • Probability Area • Probability of Detection (POD) • Scanning Range • Search Altitude • Track spacing (S)
Objectives(Continued) • Discuss how a disaster can effect CAP operations. • Discuss the types of questions you must always be asking yourself during damage assessment missions. • List typical things you are looking for during a damage assessment mission. • List the information you should obtain when over a damage assessment site. • Discuss the limitations of an air search for a missing person.
Search Terms • Ground track is an imaginary line on the ground that is made by an aircraft’s flight path over the ground • Maximum Area of Possibility is normally a circular area centered at the search objective’s last know position, with certain corrections • Meteorological visibility is the maximum distance at which large objects (e.g., a mountain) can be seen
Search Terms(Continued) • Probability Area is a smaller area, within the maximum area of possibility, where there is an increased likelihood of locating the search objective • Probability of Detection (POD) is the likelihood, expressed in percent, that a search airplane might locate the objective • Scanning range is the lateral distance from a scanner’s aircraft to an imaginary line on the ground, parallel to the ground track, that a scanner is expected to have a good chance at spotting the search objective
Search Terms(Continued) • Search Altitude is the altitude the aircraft will fly above the ground (AGL) • Search track is an imaginary swath across the surface formed by the scanning range and the length of the aircraft’s ground track • Search visibility is the distance at which an object on the ground can be seen and recognized from a particular height • Track Spacing (S) is the distance between adjacent visual or electronic search legs
Narrowing the Search • Search Involves • Estimating the position of the wreck or survivors • Determining the area to be searched • Selecting the search techniques to be used • Maximum Possibility Area • Circle around the Last Known Position (LKP) • The radius is equal to the endurance of the aircraft • Correct for wind • Probability Area • Where is the aircraft likely to be
SearchAltitudes and Airspeed • Altitudes • Maintain a minimum of 1000 feet above the ground, water, or any obstruction within a 1000' radius during daylight hours, and a minimum of 2000' AGL at night (except for takeoff and landing). [Refer to CAPR 60-1 for special restrictions for over-water missions.] • For SAR/DR/CD/HLS reconnaissance, the pilot will maintain at least 1000 AGL.
SearchAltitudes and Airspeed(Continued) • Pilots may descend below the designated search altitude to attempt to positively identify the target (but never below 500 AGL or within 500 feet of any obstructions within a 1000' radius); once the target has been identified the pilot will return to 1000' AGL or higher. • Airspeed • No lower than Vx
Search Factors • Factors which effect detection • Weather; terrain; lighting conditions • Sweep Width (W) • Track Spacing (S) • Coverage Factor (C) • Probability of Detection (P) • Determine factors for search area coverage • Type and number of aircraft available • Search visibility • Probability Of Detection (POD)
Probability Area • Where was the last point where RADAR had the aircraft identified? • Is there an ELT? • Was there a flight plan (even if not on file with the FAA)? • Dead reckoning from LKP and heading • Reports of sightings • Other aircraft • People living along the intended route of flight
NarrowingThe Probability Area • Flight plan • Weather information • National Track Analysis Program data • Airports along the intended flight track • Aircraft performance • Pilots flying habits • Radar coverage as a limiting factor • Nature of terrain along the flight track • Position reports — fuel stops, etc. • Most likely within 5 miles of intended track
Determining The Maximum Possibility Area No Wind Endurance Flight level winds: 330/20 Aircraft Speed: 100 Kts Endurance: 2 Hours 40NM LKP 200 NM Wind vector Corrected for wind Maximum possibility area
Search Priorities • Areas of bad weather • Low clouds and poor visibility • Areas where weather was not as forecast • High terrain • Areas not covered by radar • Reports of low flying aircraft • Survival factors • Radio contacts or MAYDAY calls
Probabilityof Detection(POD) • POD expressed as a “percent” search object was detected • Four interrelated factors used to calculate: • Track Spacing • Search Visibility • Search Altitude • Type of Terrain • Cumulative POD calculated using a chart • “Effectiveness” must also be considered
OPEN, FLAT TERRAIN SEARCH ALTITUDE (AGL) Track Spacing SEARCH VISIBILITY 1 mi 2 mi 3 mi 4 mi 500 Feet 0.5 nm 35% 60% 75% 75% 1.0 20 35 50 50 1.5 15 25 35 40 2.0 10 20 30 30 700 Feet 0.5 nm 40% 60% 75% 80% 1.0 20 35 50 55 1.5 15 25 40 40 2.0 10 20 30 35 1,000 Feet 0.5 nm 40% 65% 80% 85% 1.0 25 40 55 60 1.5 15 30 40 45 2.0 15 20 30 35 POD Chart
Cumulative POD Chart 5-10% 15 11-20% 20 25 21-30% 30 35 45 31-40% 40 45 50 60 41-50% 50 55 60 65 70 51-60% 60 65 65 70 75 80 61-70% 70 70 75 80 80 85 90 71-80% 80 80 80 85 85 90 90 95 80+% 85 85 90 90 90 95 95 95 95+ 5-10% 11-20% 21-30% 31-40% 41-50% 51-60% 61-70% 71-80% 80+% Previous POD POD For This Search
Disaster Assessment • Natural and man-made • Examples of CAP services: • Air and ground SAR services • Air and ground visual and/or video imaging • Flood boundary determination • Air and ground transportation • Courier flights • Radio communications support
How Disasterscan AffectCAP Operations • Effects of extreme weather • Physical landscape may be so altered as to make maps obsolete or make navigation difficult • Damage or destruction of area infrastructure • Effects of biological, chemical or radiological terrorism (or accidental release)
Assessment • Flying damage assessment sorties is not much different from our SAR search patterns • The big difference is what you look for • Should be asking questions such as: • What is the geographical extent and severity of the damage? • Is the damage spreading? If so, how far and how fast? • How has access/egress been affected? • What are the primary and secondary hazards? • Is the disaster threatening critical structures or areas? • Have utilities been affected or are they threatened? • Can you see alternatives to problems?
Assessment(Continued) • Some specific things to be looking for are: • Breaks in pavement, railways, bridges, dams, levees, pipelines, runways and structures • Roads/streets blocked by water, debris or landslide • Downed power lines • Ruptured water lines • Motorists in distress or major accidents • Alternate routes for emergency vehicles or evacuation • Distress signals from survivors
Assessment(Continued) • At each site, besides sketching or highlighting the extent of the damage and identifying access and egress routes, you should record: • Latitude and longitude • Description • Type and extent of damage • Photo number, or time reference for videotape • Status and trends
Wide Image ofTrain Wreck Chemical spill (hazmat)
Questions? Always Think Safety!
