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Infant Development

Infant Development. Physical Social-Emotional Cognitive/Literacy & Language. 6 Key Principles of Physical Development. 1. Growth and Development dependent on both biology and environmental influences 2. G & D influenced by cultural and social contexts

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Infant Development

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  1. Infant Development Physical Social-Emotional Cognitive/Literacy & Language

  2. 6 Key Principles of Physical Development • 1. Growth and Development dependent on both biology and environmental influences • 2. G & D influenced by cultural and social contexts • 3. G & D follows a cephalocaudal and proximodistal direction

  3. 6 Key Principles of Physical Development • 4. Most children follow patterns; however there are individual rates of G &D • 5. Rates of development are NOT uniform among developmental domains • 6. There are sensitive or critical periods during G & D in which a child is more vulnerable to environmental and social-emotional influences

  4. Warning Signs-Infants Physical Development • Poor Head Control • No Social Smile • Feeding and/or Sleeping Problems • Not Attentive to Faces or Toys/Objects • Asymmetric Movement • No Imitation

  5. Some Major Concerns – Infants • SIDS • Failure to Thrive • Shaken Baby Syndrome • Accidents • Aspiration

  6. Social-Emotional Development in Infancy • Freud: Oral Stage – Mother (primary caregiver) the source of food • Erikson: Trust v. Mistrust • Importance of bonding: Attachment Theory • Separation Anxiety – How to respond • Stranger Anxiety

  7. Essential Experiences for Social-Emotional Devel. • Consistent, nurturing, loving care • Attention to needs • Empathetic responses • Playful, enriching, engaging experiences • Appropriate expectations

  8. Know a child’s temperament • Easy – easygoing, even tempered, tolerant of change, playful, adaptable • Difficult – slower to develop routines, more irritable, less adaptable to changes, less easily soothed • Slow-to-warm – mild reactions, resists new situations, moody, slow to react, distant

  9. Keys to Care • Consistency • Predictability • Continuity

  10. Piaget’s Theory of Cognitive Development • Cognitive Development: the aspect of development involving thinking, problem solving, intelligence, and language • Has dominated the fields of child study, psychology, philosophy and education since the 1920s • Main tenet of his theory: the thinking processes and problem solving abilities of infants and young children are quite different from those of older children

  11. 4 Stages of Cognitive Development • Sensorimotor: birth to 2 years • Preoperational: 2 to 7 years • Concrete operational: 7 to 11 years • Formal operational: 11 + • All children proceed through this sequence • Each stage builds on the previous one • HOWEVER, rates of development may vary according to genetic, cultural, and environmental influences

  12. Sensorimotor: birth to 2 years • Development depends on direct sensory experiences and motor actions • All mental practices are rooted in and a continuation of the earliest reflexive and motor activities • Purposeful motor activities facilitate the infant’s explorations and hence their growing cognition

  13. The Three A’s • Adaptation (learning) involves both Assimilation and Accommodation • Each experience changes the child’s schemata • Assimilation = The process by which a child attempts to fit new ideas and concepts into existing ones • Accommodation = The process by which previous schema is MODIFIED to adapt to a new experience • Adaptation = The process by which one adjusts to changes in the environment

  14. Sensorimotor Stage • Reflexive Stage: Birth – 1 month – Sources of early schemata • Reflexes from birth begin to be modified as a result of new stimuli • Primary Circular reactions: 1-4 months – Focused on bodily responses (e.g. thumb sucking) • Secondary Circular reactions: 4-8 months – Focused on objects in environment (e.g. splashing water) • Tertiary Circular reactions: 12-24 months – Focused on actions repeated with variation, active experimentation (e.g. hitting a variety of things with a stick, such as the table, a drum, daddy)

  15. Object Permanence • Piaget believed a key to cognitive development at this age is OBJECT PERMANENCE - the understanding that objects continue to exist even when they cannot be seen, heard, or touched. • Acquired by infants between 8 and 12 months of age • Critics of Piaget: argue that lack of cognition at thi age is not due to lack of knowledge of object permanence • Argue that object permanence may exist as young as 3 months of age

  16. Language Development • Starts with crying; complex communication system develops • Child- or infant-directed speech, also called, mother-ese, father-ese (adapted, simpler speech patterns) – effectively aid language development • Language Acquisition Device (LAD) – Chomsky • Inate skills that help children hear language and sound patterns, infer word meanings and language rules • Nativist belief – it is instinctual and biological based on the neurological and brain systems in place

  17. Contrary Beliefs about Language Development • Social Interactionist point of view • Biological underpinnings are there, but social interactions with caregivers provide opportunity for imitation, teaching and learning AND the necessary social interactions are key to development • Social-cultural point of view • Social interactions within cultural groups are key to language development • Behaviorist point of view • Language is learned through imitation, reinforcement

  18. Language Development: Birth through 1 year • Children can usually speak a few words by the end of their first year; a few can speak in sentences • Predictable patterns of language development; it is the rate of development that most varies • This has been proven to be regardless of culture or geography • Newborns: crying • 4 weeks: throaty noises • 12 weeks: gurgling, cooing, vowel sounds (ah, ah, ah) • 6 months: consonant-vowel sounds (ba, ma, pa, ka, ga) – echolalia • 8-10 months: Infant created words that represent an object or event – vocables • 1 year: Words or syllables to represent a whole sentence -- holophrases

  19. 5 Keys to Cognition and Language Development • Being born full-term • Fully working senses, particularly hearing and vision • Proper nutrition – key to optimal brain development • Supportive environments – full of sensory stimuli, opportunities for motor development • Ongoing interactions with others

  20. Key Terms – Ch. 5-7 • Synapses • Cephaolcaudal • Proximodistal • Neonate/Neonatal • Cerebral Cortex • Plasticity • Temperament • Assimilation • Adaptation • Accommodation • Sensorimotor Learning • Echolalia • Holophrase • Vocables • Language Acquisition Device • Object Permanence • Child-directed speech

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