Georgia and the American Experience

1. Georgia and the American Experience Chapter 7: The Antebellum Era, 1838-1860 Study Presentation Mr. Smith’s Classes

2. Georgia and the American Experience Section 1: Manifest Destiny Section 2: Deepening Divisions Section 3: Slavery as a Way of Life Section 4: Antebellum Georgia Section 5: The Election of 1860

3. Section 1: Manifest Destiny • Essential Question • How did Americans apply the concept of manifest destiny during the Antebellum period?

4. Section 1: Manifest Destiny • What words do I needtoknow? • Manifest Destiny • annex • skirmish

5. Manifest Destiny • A Northern journalist (1845) wrote that the manifest destiny of the U.S. was “to overspread the continent allotted by Providence for the free descendants of our yearly multiplying millions” • The country’s leaders steadily increased territory and fought to protect its citizens across the continent

6. The Nation Grows • Texas won independence from Mexico in 1836; annexed as the 28th state in 1845 • The U.S. declared war on Mexico to secure Rio Grande as the Mexican/U.S. border • Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo (1848) gave the U.S. the territory encompassing California, Nevada, Utah, Arizona, most of New Mexico, and parts of Wyoming and Colorado. • Gadsden Purchase (1853) bought the southern part of New Mexico

8. Oregon Territory and Western Migration • Area west of the Rocky Mountains and north of California • In 1818 treaty, the U.S. and Great Britain set boundary between the U.S. and Canada at the 49th parallel • The Oregon and Santa Fe trails were the favored routes west by settlers • Between 1848 and 1850, the population of California increased tenfold; most of these settlers were seeking gold

9. The Mexican War was a training ground for American soldiers who would fight each other in the Civil War.

11. The Donner Party met disaster on the westward trail. Trapped by deep snow in the Sierra Nevada mountains, 42 0f 87 members of the party eventually died. Some survivors resorted to cannibalism in order to survive.

12. Section 2: Deepening Divisions • ESSENTIAL QUESTION • How did the North and South differ before the Civil War?

13. Section 2:Deepening Divisions • What words do I need to know? • states’ rights • Missouri Compromise • sectionalism • Compromise of 1850 • Kansas-Nebraska Act

14. States’ Rights • States’ rights: Belief that the state’s interests take precedence over interests of national government • Northern states believed that all states should abide by laws made by the national government • Southern states believed that states had right to govern themselves and decide what would be best for their own situation

15. Differences: North and South • Class Structure: North generally based on wealth; South based on wealth and being “born into the right family” • Slavery: North wanted it abolished; South supported it • Southern planter system consisted of large and small categories; the wealthiest had the most land and the most slaves • Economy: Northern based on mining, industry, banks, stores, and railroads; Southern based on agriculture, including cotton, rice, and indigo • Southerners resented tariffs, which raised import prices; the South imported more than the North • South dependent on slave labor

16. Many thousands of Africans died during the voyage from freedom in Africa to bondage in America.

17. Three ways slavery was profitable: 1. labor Letting (renting out) slaves 2. speculation

18. Freed Blacks and Slaves • 500,000 freed blacks; only 6 percent lived in South (mostly Virginia and Maryland) • By 1860, 11.5 percent of nation’s 4 million slaves lived in Georgia • 3,500 freed blacks lived in Georgia by 1860 • Slaves in the lower South cultivated “King Cotton,” which accounted for 50% of America’s exports

19. The Abolitionists • Led the movement to do away with slavery • Many northern whites, some southern and free blacks were involved • Made speeches, wrote books and articles, and offered their homes as safe houses for runaway slaves • Uncle Tom’s Cabin (1852), by Harriet Beecher Stowe, portrayed slavery’s evils; the book sold more than 1 million copies • North Star and The Liberator were anti-slavery newspapers • South believed the Constitution protected their right to own slaves

21. William Lloyd Garrison, publisher of The Liberator. Frederick Douglass, publisher of The North Star. An abolitionist newspaper

23. The Missouri Compromise • Approved in 1820; Maine entered the Union as a free state, and Missouri entered as a slave state • 11 states allowed slavery and 11 states did not • Prohibited slavery north of 36°20' latitude (the southern border of Missouri), and included Louisiana Territory lands west of Missouri • Temporarily solved slavery controversy between the states

25. The Compromise of 1850 • California would enter Union as a free state • New Mexico territory would not become part of Texas or a guaranteed slave state • The District of Columbia would no longer trade slaves, but slave owners there could keep their slaves • Runaway slaves could be returned to their owners in slave states • Utah and New Mexico territories could decide if they wanted to allow slaves or not

26. The Kansas-Nebraska Act • Created the territories of Kansas and Nebraska • Those territories had right of popular sovereignty • Popular sovereignty:When a territory asked for statehood, the people could vote on slavery • Freesoilers in those territories fought against Abolitionists and proslavery supporters

27. The Dred Scott Decision • Supreme Court ruling in 1857 • A slave filed suit after he lived in free states with his owner but was returned to slave state • Court ruled that slaves were not citizens and could not file lawsuits • Court also ruled that Congress could not stop slavery in the territories • Decision further separated the North and South

28. Chief Justice Roger Taney Dred Scott At the time the Constitution was adopted, the Chief Justice wrote, blacks had been "regarded as beings of an inferior order" with "no rights which the white man was bound to respect."

29. Section 3: Slavery as a Way of Life • ESSENTIAL QUESTION • What was life like for Georgia slaves during the Antebellum period?

30. Section 3: Slavery as a Way of Life • What words do I need to know? • driver • slave code • arsenal • Underground Railroad • overseer

31. Three Ways Slavery Was Profitable 1. Labor 2. Letting (renting out) 3. Speculation

32. River Street Slave Barracoons

33. Interior of River Street Slave Barracoons

34. Cotton bound for New York being loaded in Savannah.

35. Hard work, Simple living • Slaves worked long hours in swampy rice fields or tobacco and cotton fields • Work began at sunup and continued until sundown; overseers punished slaves who did not harvest enough • Drivers, older slaves trusted by the plantation owner, also supervised the field hands • Slave children, as young as five, also worked hard on the plantations and farms • Slave cabins were small, very simply furnished, and crudely built; foods were basic

37. Music was very important to slaves. Often the lyrics had a hidden meaning: Swing Low, Sweet Chariot I looked over Jordan (Ohio River) and what did I see? Coming for to carry me home! A band of angels (abolitionists) coming after me. Coming for to carry me home! (to freedom) “Call and response” singing maximized efficiency by keeping workers’ labor at the same pace and allowed the overseer to keep track of the day’s progress. rhythmhttp://www.history.org/history/teaching/enewsletter/february03/worksongs.cfm

38. Slave Family Life • Slave families often became separated • Owners encouraged marriage; slave children became property of the mother’s owner • Religion was important; black preachers spoke of freedom and justice • Spiritual songs encouraged slaves throughout their lives • Education was nearly nonexistent, although minimal reading and writing skills were permitted by some slave owners

39. The Br’er Rabbit stories were a source of hope and encouragement for slaves.

41. Slave Rebellions • 1800 – Gabriel Prosser, Richmond, VA (1,000) • 1822 – Denmark Versey, Charleston, SC (5,000) • 1831 - Nat Turner led a rebellion in Virginia; at least 57 and perhaps as many as 85 whites died; Turner was hanged • Nat Turner’s Rebellion and other unsuccessful rebellions prompted strict laws across the South designed to curtail slave movements, meetings, and efforts to learn to read and write • These laws applied to both slaves and freed blacks

43. Slave Codes • Took away nearly all rights of slaves • Slaves could not carry weapons, make any contact with white people • People who tried to teach people of color were punished; slaves could not work any job involving reading and writing • Slaves had little time to talk together

44. John Brown • White abolitionist led a raid on federal arsenal (arms storehouse) at Harper’s Ferry, Virginia • Brown wanted ammunition to lead a rebellion to free the South’s slaves • He was captured and hanged for treason • The Brown raid added to fear and distrust, especially in the South; to many Northerners, Brown became a hero

46. The Underground Railroad • Network of roads, houses, river crossings, boats, wagons, woods, and streams operated by blacks and whites • Provided a trail of flight for runaway slaves seeking freedom in Canada or the Northern states • Safe stops along the way called stations • Former slave Harriet Tubman personally helped more than 300 slaves escape to freedom

47. Little Dipper The North Star (Polaris) pointed the way to freedom for runaway slaves. Big Dipper

49. Section 4: Antebellum Georgia • ESSENTIAL QUESTION • What was Georgia like before the Civil War?

50. Section 4:Antebellum Georgia • What words do I need to know? • Know-Nothing Party • Great Revival Movement • Milledgeville