WALLACE RESOURCE LIBRARY Module 02 – Survey Techniques:

1. WALLACE RESOURCE LIBRARY Module 02 – Survey Techniques: D03 – Comparison of bird survey techniques

2. Why Survey Biodiversity? • Global decline in biodiversity • But how do we know? • In order to assess biodiversity we must apply appropriate survey techniques • This provides the information we need to understand what is happening to biodiversity on a local as well as a global scale

3. Why Survey Biodiversity? • IUNC Red list of Threatened Species Extinct (EX) Extinct in the Wild (EW) Critically Endangered (CR) Endangered (EN) Vulnerable (VU) Near Threatened (NT) Least Concern (LC)

4. How do we Survey Biodiversity? • Global or National scale - Satellite images • Local scale • Capture-Mark-Recapture • Transect and Distance sampling • Passive trapping • Camera trapping • Direct counts e.g. Helicopter surveys

5. Why are birds important? Birds often used for as indicators of ecosystem health : Taxonomically well known Abundant and apparent Large samples easy to obtain in order to look at variation Predictable, rapid and linear response to disturbance that can be analysed Bird abundance and diversity closely associated with other species and ecosystem resources Relatively unaffected by seasonal variations

6. Point counts Suits dense habitat such as forest and scrub All birds available for sampling, including more cryptic, shy species Suits species-rich habitats such as tropical forest Time is lost moving between points, but counts give time to spot and identify shy birds Double counting birds is a concern within the counting period Birds may be attracted to the presence of observers at counting stations

7. Mist netting Only surveys birds that occupy the lower canopy Additional data can be collected (e.g. weight, sex) Ideal when dealing with birds that are hard to identify from sight or vocalizations Suitable for all terrestrial habitat types Requires trained bird handlers

8. Methods Survey took place in Cusuco National Park, Honduras Surveying to help manage and conserve forests in Honduras for bird species Need to discover which species occur in the forest 70 hours spent on point count surveys 400 hours completing mist netting surveys

9. Research questions: • Which of the two methods (mist nets or point counts) do you think is the most efficient for surveying birds in Mesoamerican cloud forest? • Comparing the methods: • At any particular point, which method detected the most species? • Do the two methods detect the same kinds of birds? • Can you give examples of the kinds of birds which mist-nets are better at surveying than point counts, and vice versa? • Recommendations: • Which survey technique should be the main methodology for the planned large-scale survey of Honduras’s cloud forest? • If the time is available, would you recommend the other method as an important secondary technique? If so, why?

10. Summary and conclusions Point counts more efficient Mist nets only survey understorey birds Point counts primary method Mist netting secondary method