Chapter 1

1. Chapter 1 The Political Culture, People, And Economy of Texas

2. The Political Culture, People, and Economy of Texas

3. Texas Political Culture • Political culture: broadly shared values, beliefs, and attitudes about how government and society should function • Political culture in U.S. states: Daniel Elazar • Shaped by state founding origins and experiences • Defined by state orientation toward: • Marketplace • Role of government • Who should participate in government and politics

4. Texas Political Culture • Three state political culture categories: • Moralistic • Individualistic • Traditionalistic • Some are a blend of two • Broad definitions for each category help understand state-level differences Not a literal/direct definition of all people in all states in contemporary society.

5. Texas Political Culture • Moralistic political culture • Rooted in New England Puritanism • The common good (expressed through politics) is everyone’s concern. • Government should promote the public good. • Examples: MN, IA, WI, CA, WA, ME, VT, NH

6. Texas Political Culture • Individualistic political culture • Focuses more on commercial success • Government should provide order and protect property. • Bureaucracy viewed as interference • Less concern for mass participation in politics • Examples: NY, PA, OH, IL, NV

7. Texas Political Culture • Traditionalistic political culture • Rooted in plantation values of social hierarchy • Focused on tradition and maintaining existing social order (keep standing arrangements) • Politics engaged in by established wealthy families • Examples: TX, AZ, FL, MS, AL

8. Texas Political Culture • Texas traditionalistic–moralistic mix • Low taxes and social service provision • Business interests dominate policy • Texas harder to generalize • Historical origins/development within state differ • Example: large cities (Houston, Dallas), border cities (El Paso, Laredo, Rio Grande Valley), rural regions sharply different histories, people, and industries

9. Texas Political Culture • One-party state • Democratic Party dominated Texas for over a century. • Held all statewide offices, won presidential elections • 100 percent of state legislature • Today, GOP dominates Texas politics. • Democrats have not won statewide office since 1994. • Texas legislature majority since 2002 • Democrats remain popular in Texas cities, though. • See congressional, state legislature, and county offices

10. Texas Political Culture • Business dominance • Unions are mostly absent • Consumer and environmental concerns not especially influential • Provincialism (narrow view of the world) • Associated with Jeffersonian notions of limited government and rural values • Low spending on social services and education • Intolerant of social hierarchy challenges, diversity

11. Texas Political Culture

12. The Land • Texas politics shaped by state geography • Size, location, natural resources • 2nd largest state, 267,00 sq. miles • 800 miles north to south (about 11 hrs. by car) • 773 miles east to west (about 10.5 hrs. by car) • Largest border with foreign country • Gulf coast and rivers, fertile and desert land, plains and mountains, oil and natural gas

13. The Physical Regions of Texas

14. Economic Change in Texas • Texas economic development tied to resources and technology of the time • Three phases of technological change: • Cotton and cattle • Oil • Technology innovations • Facilitated state strengths in high-tech industry, medical research, energy industry, and banking

15. Economic Change in Texas Cotton cultivation began in the 1820s. • By 1880s, Texas was the largest producer. • Connected to national markets by railroads

16. Economic Change in Texas • Cotton • Labor-intensive cultivation led to tenant farming and sharecropping. • A system of social and economic dependency that trapped many Texans in rural areas • Crop-lien system could easily place households in debt from which they could not escape • Radical political discontent in rural areas led to support for Grange and Populist movements

17. Economic Change in Texas • Cattle ranching • Texas has dominated cattle ranching industry for over a century. • Vast space, land suited for grazing and growing specialized feed • Increasingly operated by large agribusinesses • Many located in Texas, or agreements with cattle ranchers in the state • Currently, only about 2 percent of Texas population is located on farms

18. Cattle Ranching

19. Economic Change in Texas • Oil • Took off in 1901 with Spindletop • By 1930s, oil replaced agriculture as the main contributor to its economy • Allowed America to move from coal to oil as primary energy source • Facilitates creation of the national highway system • Energy industry develops in Texas • Oil, natural gas, production, exploration and research

20. Oil in the Texas Economy

21. Oil Production in Texas

22. Economic Change in Texas • Oil led to a rise in industrialism along the coast and boomtowns near oil fields. • Texas Railroad Commission brought stability to the markets. • State agency regulating oil and gas industries • Allowed common pipeline carriers that served many different companies (efficient) • Regulated oil production to smooth pricing

23. Economic Change in Texas • NAFTA—North American Free Trade Agreement (1992) • Created free trade zone U.S., Canada, and Mexico • Texas increased exports to Mexico and Canada by $10b between 1992 and 1997. • 24 out of 32 industries that export to Mexico saw double-digit gains

24. NAFTA

25. The Changing Face of Texas, 1850–2010

26. The People: Texas Demography • Three sources of population growth • Natural increase (births) • International immigration (outside the U.S.) • Domestic immigration (one U.S. state to another) • Texas has 2nd largest population • 25.5 million as of 2011 • California is 1st with 37.2 million • Between 2000 and 2010, grew by 4.5 million, 20 percent

27. The People: Texas Demography • Six flags over Texas: over five centuries, Texas was part of six different sovereign entities. 1. Spain: 1519–1685 and 1690–1821 2. France: 1685–1690 3. Mexico: 1821–1836 4. Republic of Texas: 1836–1845 5. Confederacy: 1861–1865 6. United States: 1845–1861; and since 1865

28. The People: Texas Demography • Anglos • Whites of European descent (except Spain) • Largest group during nineteenth and twentieth centuries • First wave arrived before Texas Revolution (1835) • Both Spain and Mexico gave Anglos land grants to bring people to Texas. • Most notably, Moses Austin and son, Stephen F. Austin

29. The People: Texas Demography • Anglos • Population surge after Revolution (1835–6) • Mostly immigration from southern states • Southern settlers brought slaves with them. • Most Texas farmers never owned slaves. • Yet, overwhelmingly supported secession/Civil War

30. Anglos

31. Anglo Population in Texas Counties, 2010

32. The People: Texas Demography • Hispanics/Latinos • Origins to any of 20 Spanish-speaking nations (Latin America and Spain) • Texas Latinos mostly Mexican origin • Historical overlap and proximity • 88 percent of Latino Texans are Mexican origin (2010) • Established presence in Texas • Sizeable Mexican origin population has always been the case

33. The People: Texas Demography • Long-standing large Latino population regions • El Paso, San Antonio, all of South Texas • Pockets with less presence • Distance from large metro area and border • Historical and contemporary trend • Texas is 38 percent Latino (2010) • Increasingly urban, true for entire state population • Opportunities in cities draw people

34. Hispanic Population in Texas Counties, 2010

35. The People: Texas Demography • History of anti-Hispanic political discrimination • Despite large populations, systematic barriers • Segregated public facilities • Targeted by poll taxes and white primaries • Voting Rights Act (1965) demise of Jim Crow • Fewer participation/representation barriers • 20 percent of Texas legislature is Latino (37 of 181) • By 2010, approximately 2,500 Latinos held elected office in various state and local positions.

36. The People: Texas Demography • African Americans • Black population origins in Texas reflects the state’s history with slavery • Growth in slave population • Mexican government antislavery policies kept black population relatively low until the Texas Revolution (<5,000 in 1830s) • Post-Texas Revolution, southern settlers brought large number of slaves to the state

37. The People: Texas Demography • 1860 (Civil War), over 182,000 slaves in Texas • Tripled in size in only 10 yrs. (1850=58,000) • Constituted one-third of the state’s population • Concentrated in East Texas • Wharton and Brazoria counties highest numbers • Emancipation and Reconstruction • Texas slaves freed three years after Emancipation Proclamation (Juneteenth) • 100,000+ African American men registered voters

38. African Americans

39. African American Population in Texas Counties, 2010

40. The People: Texas Demography • By 1903, Jim Crow laws and violence toward blacks keep nearly all blacks from the polls. • Only 5,000 black registered voters • Civil rights and population changes • Numerous black elected officials, especially in the Houston and Dallas areas • 63 percent of Texas black population resides in Houston and Dallas areas (2010 Census) • Texas population is 12 percent African American

41. Per Capita Income in Texas and the United States, 1990–2010(in Nominal Nonadjusted Dollars)

42. The People: Texas Demography • Early urbanization • Towns were founded under Mexican rule as a means of colonizing the territory • Evidenced by the courthouse in the town center • Vast majority of state was rural, and small towns • 88 percent now reside in urban and suburban areas: Austin  Corpus Christi  Dallas  El Paso  Fort Worth Houston  Laredo  Rio Grande Valley  San Antonio

43. Urbanization in Texas,1850–2010

44. Race and Total Population = 250,000 people 1980 2010 2040 TOTAL POPULATION = 14,229,191 24,330,646 35,761,165 White 66% Black 12% Hispanic 21% Other 1% White 47% Black 11% Hispanic 37% Other 4% White 32% Black 10% Hispanic 53% Other 6% SOURCES: Texas State Data Center; Office of State Demographer.

45. Geography Projected Population Growth from the year 2000 by Metropolitan Area < 25% 26 – 45% 46 – 65% 66 – 85% 86% + 2020 2040 SOURCES: Texas State Data Center; Office of State Demographer.

46. Geography Projected Population Growth from the year 2000 by Metropolitan Area 2000 2020 2040 Rural Areas Other Metropolitan Areas San Antonio Area Houston Area Dallas-Ft. Worth Area Austin Area 2,907,272 5,106,131 1,711,703 4,715,407 5,161,544 1,249,763 3,452,327 +19% 6,689,146 +31% 2,179,553 +27% 6,443,005 +37% 7,340,276 +42% 1,901,433 +52% 3,825,783 +32% 8,254,026 +62% 2,514,097 +49% 8,398,069 +78% 10,107,348 +96% 2,661,842 +113% SOURCES: Texas State Data Center; Office of State Demographer.

47. Urban Political Economy • Houston • 1800s, economy based on commerce and cotton • Houston Ship Channel transformed the city to become a major metropolitan area. • Oil and natural gas expanded industry base • Largest manufacturer of petroleum equipment • Technological advances spurred economic growth. • NASA (Johnson Space Center), The Texas Medical Center (world’s largest), nanotechology

48. Urban Political Economy • Dallas • Sat at intersection of two major railroads • Transformed into a major commerce center • Developed into financial center for the oil industry • Additional economic bases: transportation, tech, retail • Fort Worth • Located at a resting spot for cattle herders • Railroads were built to serve the cattle industry. • Major military installation • Helped develop the aviation industry

49. Urban Political Economy • San Antonio • Initially large city because it was the capitol of Spanish Texas • Economic and bases today • Military infrastructure • Bases, civilian industry and support • Tourism • Most visited in the state, Alamo major attraction • Medical

50. Populations of the Largest Citiesin Texas, 2010