Quantifying Genetic Diversity Steelhead Stocks Eric Parkinson, Art Tautz, Bob Hooton

1. Photo: E. Keeley Quantifying Genetic Diversity Steelhead Stocks Eric Parkinson, Art Tautz, Bob Hooton BC Min. Water, Land & Air Protection

2. Why care about genetic diversity: BC has very few species but lots of Intraspecific diversity ~70 spp. Geographic area and the number of native species of Freshwater Fish ~250 spp. Tennessee 110,000 km2 B.C. 950,000 km2

3. Why so few species? Bering Refuge Post-Glacial Dispersal Routes Edge of Ice Sheet Queen Charlotte Refuge Missouri Refuge Coastal Refuge Columbia Refuge

4. Why so much intraspecific diversity? Geoclimatic diversity results in local adaption Ecozones of BC

5. Fish Species at Risk in B.C.Three Directions 1. Systematic assessment of all species 2. Focal studies on specific species that are judged to be most at risk 3. Identify populations representing rare or endangered ecotypes within each species

6. Digital BC Watershed Atlas 1:50,000 Lakes and Streams (i.e. Lakes >1 ha) Linked to info on: Stream length, size, gradient, flow, lake influence, species records, land use, stocking records, terrain maps, geology etc. for 20,000 3rd order & greater watersheds

7. Out of Range Rainbow Trout Steelhead Steelhead Distribution in BC

8. Steelhead Stock Structure • The smallest independent unit • stock = VSP? • Genetically isolated • Large enough to be viable • Genetic Groups of Stocks share: • Major Phylogenetic Associations = ESU? • Adaptation to a common environment = Strata? • Management Groups have similar: • Exploitation rates, hatchery influence, management goals • Can cut across genetic groups

9. Steelhead Stock Structure • The smallest independent unit • stock = VSP? • Genetically isolated • Large enough to be viable • Genetic Groups of Stocks share: • Major Phylogenetic Associations = ESU? • Adaptation to a common environment = Strata? • Management Groups have similar: • Exploitation rates, hatchery influence, management goals • Can cut across genetic groups

10. Steelhead Stock Structure • The smallest independent unit • stock = VSP? • Genetically isolated • Large enough to be viable • Genetic Groups of Stocks share: • Major Phylogenetic Associations = ESU? • Adaptation to a common environment = Strata? • Management Groups have similar: • Exploitation rates, hatchery influence, management goals • Can cut across genetic groups

11. Weaver Cr. Chehalis R. Stock Structure is quantified using data on genetic and phenotypic differences LDH and MDH Allozyme Frequencies Examples of adaptive and molecular differences among Steelhead in adjacent streams Rule: Every watershed that empties into either the ocean or a large river contains a stock

12. Exclude Very Small Watersheds“Viable Salmonid Population” • Use various measures of size • Stream order and magnitude • Watershed area • Length of anadromous stream • Goal is a Viable Population • Run size > 20 • 5 yr generation gives > 100 • Ne > 30?

13. Defining Steelhead Population Structure • Size, location, and drainage links come from the Watershed Atlas • Find all independent stocks • Eliminate very small streams • Review by Regional Biologists ~ 630 viable steelhead stocks in~ 580 BC streams

14. Most steelhead stocks are in small watersheds

15. Steelhead Stock Structure • The smallest independent unit • stock = VSP? • Genetically isolated • Large enough to be viable • Genetic Groups of Stocks share: • Major Phylogenetic Associations = ESU? • Adaptation to a common environment = Strata? • Management Groups have similar: • Exploitation rates, hatchery influence, management goals • Can cut across genetic groups

16. Diverge into different ecotypes Maintains similar ecotypes Strong Disruptive Species Selective Forces Populations Cryptic species Weak Major Phylogenetic Lineages Strong Convergent Recent, incomplete Ancient, complete Breeding isolation

17. Steelhead Phylogenetic Groups: Defined using patterns of molecular genetic variation Queen Charlotte Glacial Refuge South Interior Refuge South Coast Refuge

18. Diverge into different ecotypes Maintains similar ecotypes Strong Disruptive Species Selective Forces Populations Cryptic species Weak Major Phylogenetic Lineages Strong Convergent Recent, incomplete Ancient, complete Breeding isolation

19. Database of Steelhead Stocks The Watershed Code links the Stock Database to a variety of useful info Land Use Databases Watershed Code DFO Escapement Database Land Form Databases FISS Records Hatchery Records

20. Watershed Type Variable High elevation Minimum Elevation Interior Migration Distance Dry Water Yield Moderate Gradient 16-30% Gradient Gradient 9-15% >70% gradient 51-60% gradient Low Gradient, Gradient 31-50 Low Relief Gradient 3-8% Elev 300-800m Wetlands (%Area) Cold, Temperature (max) High Latitude Latitude Low Lake Influence Land (%Area) Freshwater (%Area) Large Watersheds Stream Magnitude (max) Watershed Area Stream Order (max) Cold, High Relief, Temperature (min) High Elevation Elevation (std.dev) Ice (%area) Elevation (max) Elevation (mean) Elev >800m (%Area) Alpine (%area) Temperature (mean) Elev <300m (%Area) Land Form Data can Characterize Watersheds Using Principle Components Analysis

21. e.g. of a Principle Component • Interior, Dry • Coastal, Wet Habitat differences can be used as a proxy for adaptive differentiation

22. Low relief, Warm • Cold High Relief • Interior, Dry • Coastal, Wet

23. Which stocks have the most unusual habitat? • Interior Watersheds • Low relief coastal • Lake Influence coastal rare common

24. 1 1 2 3 2 3 4 4 5 5 6 6 7 7 8 8 9 9 10 10 12 11 11 12 13 14 13 15 15 14 16 16 17 17 17 Stocks 4 Ecotypes (strata?) 2 ESUs Genetic Distance from Molecular Markers Geographic Layout

25. Interior North Coast South Coast Large Lake Piscivores Interior Fall-Run Steelhead Coastal Summer-Run Steelhead Phylogenetic vs. Adaptive Structure Ecotypes cut across Phlylogenetic Groups Phylogenetic Groups Ecotypes

26. Contrast with US Pacific NW • Only 3 ESUs • In a Province the size of Wash, Ore, Calif, Idaho combined • Lots of very small coastal stocks • Rocky, heavily-indented coastline Reason: BC was almost entirely glaciated

27. Steelhead Stock Structure • The smallest independent unit • stock = VSP? • Genetically isolated • Large enough to be viable • Genetic Groups of Stocks share: • Major Phylogenetic Associations = ESU? • Adaptation to a common environment = Strata? • Management Groups have similar: • Exploitation rates, hatchery influence, management goals • Can cut across genetic groups

28. Peak Time of River Entry June-July Sept-Oct Dec-April Ecotypic Grouping in Steelhead - Run Timing

29. Hatchery History Currently Stocked Stocked Prior to 1993 Never Stocked Hatchery History of Steelhead Stocks

30. Currently Stocked Prior to 1993 Peak Time of River Entry June-July Sept-Oct Dec-April Hatchery History Which stocks and ecotypes have not had any hatchery influence?

31. Land use data can be used to identify habitat concerns } < 300m Elevation } >50% Gradient

32. Management Units can also be groups of stocks that share common management goals, issues and policies

33. Steelhead Stock Structure • Define the Distribution • Define Stock Structure (VSP?) • Use associations between geographical isolation and molecular genetic variation • Define Genetic Groups • Major Phylogenetic groups share a common ancestry (ESU?) • Ecotypes share common environments (Strata?) • Define Management groups

35. Conservation Status Healthy Conservation Concern Extreme Conservation Concern

36. Ancient, complete Differentiation at neutral loci Genetic isolation Size of Unit Recent, incomplete Adaptive differentiation Convergent Neutral Disruptive Selection gradient

37. Other useful info NAME COQUITLAM PITT STOCK_NO_(WShedCode) 100024500 100026700 ORDER 4 6 MAGNITUDE 81 525 CONNECTS_T 100 100 CONNECTS_AT (km) 34 37 Number of 3rd Order streams 4 14 Watershed Area (km2) 270 1355 MGMTAGG Nfraser Nfraser STATUS ExtremeCC ExtremeCC X Albers 1233606 1243044 Y Albers 488653 507775 Run Timing Winter Winter Hatchery Classification Wild Wild Last Date Stocked Jun-96 Max Size (g) 192 Max Number 500000 Max Size since 1993 (g) 192 Max No since 1993 9211 Monitored? No No Anadromous Length (km) 17.78 84.4 Distance from Ocean (km) 34 37 ObStructions Yes Yes Harvest Analysis Observation Yes Yes Steelhead Observation Yes Yes Salmon Spp Observation Yes Yes Coho Observation Yes Yes Rainbow Observation Yes Yes

38. 11111 Rainbow Trout Record Coho Inventory Record Salmon Inventory Record Fish Presence/Absence Information is used t Steelhead Inventory Record Steelhead Sportfish Record

39. Allozyme Frequencies in Steelhead vary among adjacent streams

40. Rainbow Trout Distribution in BC Out of Range Rainbow Trout

41. Rules for defining stocks • Find all streams that enter the Ocean Directly • Find “Large” river tributaries • Apply size constraints based on measures of watershed size