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The Life & Times of Cereal Leaf Beetle in Washington State

The Life & Times of Cereal Leaf Beetle in Washington State. Diana Roberts ( WSU Extension ), Keith Pike ( WSU ), Terry Miller ( WSU ), Steve Miller ( USDA-APHIS ) Mike Klaus ( WSDA ). Outline. CLB distribution Potential impact Identification & Life Cycle Management

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The Life & Times of Cereal Leaf Beetle in Washington State

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  1. The Life & Times of Cereal Leaf Beetle in Washington State Diana Roberts (WSU Extension), Keith Pike (WSU), Terry Miller (WSU), Steve Miller (USDA-APHIS) Mike Klaus (WSDA)

  2. Outline • CLB distribution • Potential impact • Identification & Life Cycle • Management • Biocontrols

  3. CLB Distribution in USA • 1962 found in Michigan • Introduced from Europe 1940’s • Federal eradication & quarantine failed • Utah, Idaho, Wyoming, Montana • 1992 Idaho • 1999 Oregon & Washington • June 7 East Farms • Nine Mile Falls

  4. Washington State detection survey results for Cereal leaf beetle (Oulema melanopus) Updated 2005

  5. CLB Hosts Oats RyeFescue Wheat Wild ryeDowny brome Barley Smooth bromeRedtop Wild oats Foxtail milletRice Quackgrass (Corn) Timothy Sorghum Rye grass Sudangrass Orchardgrass Bluegrass Canarygrass Millet

  6. Impact - Quarantines • Immediately imposed on any county positive for CLB • Phytosanitary cert needed on all cereal grains, grass, straw, sod, and Christmas trees to Canada & California • 95% alfalfa hay excluded • From infested counties - declaring phosphine fumigant • Grain – fumigated or cleaned in <100 lb bags • From clean counties – declaring source

  7. Impact - Yield Loss • Most severe in spring cereals, irrigated crops • Canada • winter wheat 25% • spring oats up to 75% • USSR • 25 - 50% of crop • Nine Mile Falls 2002 • Spr wht 36 bu vs 100 avg • WSU plots 44 bu vs 60 bu

  8. Current CLB Hotspots 1999 Nine Mile Falls 2003 Colville Peone Prairie Connell Clark County 2004 Ritzville Warden Deep Creek Moses Lake Walla Walla Spraying for CLB at Peone Prairie

  9. Impact – Potential Cost to WA growers • 2001: 600,000 acres spring wheat - $90 million • Conservative 30% infestation - $21 million p.a. • Insecticide $7.30/A +$3-5/A application • Spray 50% spring wheat; $3 million p.a.

  10. CLB lifecycle stages

  11. CLB Life Cycle • Adults (1/4 inch) • Overwinter/shelter in stubble or crop refuse, ditches, riverbanks, hay bales (incl. alfalfa) • Beetles active in spring (>50 F) - March to mid-May • Beetles mate >65 F - populations dense in fall crops • Female lays eggs (250) near mid-rib of inner leaf surface

  12. CLB Life Cycle • Eggs (1 mm) • Found early in spring on fall-seeded cereals • Spring cereals preferred (oats, wheat, barley) in seedling stage • Hatch in approx. 1-2 weeks

  13. CLB Life Cycle • Larvae (1/4 inch) • Feed for 2 weeks on tissue between leaf veins • Molt 4 times i.e. 4 larval stages or instars lasting 2-3 days • Voracious feeders esp. in 3rd & 4th instars • Attracted to light so prefer upper (flag) leaves --> 50% yield loss

  14. CLB larvae feeding damage

  15. CLB Life Cycle • Pupa (1/4 inch) • Geotropic - crawls down plant • Pupate in soil • Takes 2-3 weeks • Adults emerge & feed on grasses (prefer young shoots)

  16. Picture by Garrett Clevenger Collops hirtellus (beneficial) Adult CLB

  17. CLB Economic Threshold • 3 eggs or larvae per plant up to boot stage in spring cereals • 1 egg or larva per flag leaf after boot • 1 larva per flag leaf -> 5-6 bu grain loss per acre • Winter wheat should not incur economic damage

  18. CLB larvae feeding damage

  19. Stripe rust response

  20. Remember, my children are home! Please don’t spray unless you absolutely have to… CLB Management - Chemicals • Azinphos-methyl – once per season • Carbaryl (Sevin least hazardous to bees) – 2 applications only after heading • Furadan – Apply before heading, twice only/season. No forage feeding • Malathion – wheat & barley only • Karate – synthetic pyrethroid, wheat only. 0.02-0.03 lb ai/A. PHI 30 days • Warrior - synthetic pyrethroid, 0.02-0.03 lb ai/A

  21. CLB Management - Biocontrols • USDA “CLB the first instance in which a pest of an annual crop grown in a temperate continental area successfully controlled by imported natural enemies” • Most successful in the eastern US • Longer to establish in Utah

  22. CLB Management - Biocontrols • Predators - lady bird beetles • Parasitoids - 4 introduced parasitic wasps • 3 attack larval stage • 1 attacks egg stage • Fungus - Beavaria bassiana • Suppresses population

  23. In 2003, WSDA lost CLB position • USDA-APHIS not able to help • WSU Extension, Spokane County, released T. julis and Anaphes at Nine Mile and Colville • WSDA did limited survey

  24. Nine Mile Falls Insectary Picture by Kit Cutler

  25. Cereal leaf beetle larva being attacked by parasitic wasp species Tetrastichus julis. Larval parasitoid Tetrastichus julis2 generations/yr

  26. CLB larva parasitized by T. julis Picture by Garrett Clevenger

  27. Egg parasitoid Anaphes flavipes 6-8 generations/yr

  28. CLB eggs parasitized (dark) by A. flavipes and non-parasitized. Picture by Garrett Clevenger

  29. 2004 Parasitoid Releases Total # Parasitoids Released in 2004: 7,028 T. julis as parasitized CLB larvae 125 L. curtis as parasitized CLB larvae 10,038 A. flavipes as parasitized CLB eggs

  30. 2005 T. julis pre-release recovery at Washington field insectaries

  31. Changes in T.julis parasitism with time at Peone Prairie, 2005 Both parameters showed significant (95% confidence level) decrease with time at Peone Prairie in 2005.

  32. 2005 A. flavipes pre-release recovery at Washington field insectaries

  33. My big question: A field 4 miles from Peone Prairie insectary was parasitized by T. julis at 75% ± 10%. • Assume for every 100 CLB larvae: • 25 survive to 2006 • 13 are female, each lay 200 eggs  2,600 larvae • 75 parasitized by 4 T.j. each  300 T.j. in 2006 How many eggs does each T.j. adult lay? What effect may 300 T.j. have against 2,600 CLB?

  34. Funding & Partners • WWC commission funding in 2004, 2005 • USDA-APHIS funded insectaries • Niles, MI, lab closed (USDA) • Anaphes stocks moved to CO • Western states collaborating • WA, OR, ID, MT, CO, CA, Alberta • WSU Extension, WSDA, USDA • Farmer collaborators • Funds from WSCPR for soft aphicides

  35. Kit Cutler Insectary, Nine Mile

  36. Biocontrol Success in WA • Will depend on • Ability of biocontrols to establish • Ability to increase insectaries across region • Continued funding • Cooperation among agencies and farmers • Short term fixes (spraying insecticides, including for aphids) will adversely affect biocontrols • Recommend buffer strips, increase each year • Collection of adult CLB early in the season • Managing insectaries

  37. Acknowledgments to Laurie Stone

  38. Many thanks to Lacey Jones and Kathlene Peck, for all their hard work!

  39. Questions? Contact Diana Roberts WSU Extension 509-477-2167 robertsd@wsu.edu Website: http://www.spokane-county.wsu.edu/ WSDA www.wa.gov/agr -> Plantsinsects button Canada CFIA www.inspection.gc.ca California http://pi.cdfa.ca.gov/pqm/manual/321.htm

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