Chapter 28 Principles of Growth and Development

1. Chapter 28 • Principles of Growth and Development

2. Principles of Growth and Development • Terms • Growth • Development • Maturation • Cognitive development

3. Theories of Development

4. Theories of Development—(cont.)

5. Theories of Development—(cont.)

6. 2020 National Health Goals Related to Growth and Development • Increase the proportion of children with special healthcare needs who receive their care in family-centered, comprehensive, coordinated systems from 20.4% to a target level of 22.4%. • Reduce the proportion of children diagnosed with a disorder through newborn blood spot screening who experience a developmental delay requiring special education services from 15.1% to a target level of 13.6%.

7. 2020 National Health Goals Related to Growth and Development—(cont.) • Increase the proportion of young children who are screened for an autism spectrum disorder (ASD) and other developmental delays by 24 months of age from 19.5% to a target level of 21.5%.

8. 2020 National Health Goals Related to Growth and Development—(cont.) • Increase the proportion of children with a developmental delay who have a first evaluation by 36 months of age. • Reduce the proportion of children 2 to 5 years of age who are considered obese from 10.7% to a target level of 9.6%; for children 6 to 11 years, from 17.4% to 15.7%; and for adolescents, from 17.9% to 16.1%.

9. Nursing Process: Growth and Development • Assessment • Nursing diagnosis • Outcome identification and planning • Implementation • Outcome evaluation

10. Factors Influencing Growth and Development • Genetics • Gender • Health • Intelligence

11. Factors Influencing Growth and Development—(cont.) • Temperament • Reaction patterns • Activity level • Rhythmicity • Approach • Adaptability

12. Factors Influencing Growth and Development—(cont.) • Temperament—(cont.) • Reaction patterns—(cont.) • Intensity of reaction • Distractibility • Attention span and persistence • Threshold of response • Mood quality

13. Factors Influencing Growth and Development—(cont.) • Environment • Socioeconomic level • Parent–child relationship • Ordinal position • Health

14. Factors Influencing Growth and Development—(cont.) • Environment—(cont.) • Nutrition • Impacts • Physical growth • Health maintenance • Cognitive development

15. Nursing Diagnoses: Growth and Development • Risk for delayed growth and development related to lack of age-appropriate toys and activities • Readiness for enhanced family coping related to parent’s seeking information about child’s growth and development • Imbalanced nutrition, less than body requirements, related to parental knowledge deficit regarding child’s protein need

16. Quality & Safety Education for Nurses (QSEN) • Patient-Centered Care • Teamwork & Collaboration • Evidence-Based Practice • Quality Improvement • Safety • Informatics

17. Nursing Care Implications of Stages of Growth and Development • Predictable • Measureable (objective) • Physical; emotional; cognitive • Impact patient teaching • Impact nursing care strategies

18. Nursing Care Implications of Stages of Growth and Development—(cont.)

19. Nursing Care Implications of Stages of Growth and Development—(cont.)

20. Nursing Care Implications of Diet and Nutrition • Components of healthy diet • Protein • Carbohydrates • Fat • Vitamins • Minerals

21. Nursing Care Implications of Diet and Nutrition—(cont.) • Adequate nutrition in vegetarian diets • Types • Protein • Calcium • Iron • Vitamins and minerals • Total calories

22. Nursing Care Implications of Diet and Nutrition—(cont.) • Nutrition guidelines for a healthy diet • Variety of foods • Balance; portion size; physical activity • Grain products, fruits, and vegetables • Diet low in fat, saturated fat, and cholesterol • Moderate: sugars, salt/sodium, alcohol

23. Nursing Care Implications of Diet and Nutrition—(cont.)

24. Question A father brings his 18-month-old son to the clinic. He asks the nurse why his son is so difficult to please, has temper tantrums, and annoys him by throwing food from the table. Which principle of growth should the nurse explain? • Toddlers need to be disciplined at this stage to prevent the development of antisocial behaviors. • The child is learning to assert independence, and his behavior is considered normal for his age. • This is abnormal behavior, and the father should be referred for psychological help. • It is best to leave the child alone in the crib after calmly telling him why his behavior is unacceptable.

25. Answer B. The child is learning to assert independence, and his behavior is considered normal for his age. Rationale: At 18 months of age, the child is learning to become independent and express his feelings. He does not have full command of his words and may use actions to express his feelings, such as throwing items.

26. Question Which is the best way for an infant’s father to help his child complete the developmental task of the first year? • Expose her to many caregivers to help her learn variability. • Talk to her at a special time each day. • Respond to her consistently. • Keep her stimulated with many toys.

27. Answer C. Respond to her consistently. Rationale: The infant is in need of development of trust. Responding to the infant on a consistent basis develops the trust needed to meet the developmental task of infancy.