Bell Ringer

1. Bell Ringer • What problems did Martin Luther point out in the Church? • Why did Henry VIII create his own church? • What was the goal of the Counter-Reformation?

2. CH 12: Transformations in Europe

3. Gutenberg • Gutenberg didn’t invent the printing press. The Chinese did, and it was modified by the Koreans. • However, their machines weren’t efficient because they used wooden letters. • Gutenberg changed the machine’s design, and used metal for the letters. • These simple changes altered the course of history.

4. The ability to easily and efficiently print would cause a boom of education and literacy in Europe. • This boom helped to cause the Renaissance, Reformation, Scientific Revolution, and Enlightenment

5. Renaissance • Renaissance means “rebirth” • Generally from the 1300-1600s following the Dark Ages • Followed the Bubonic Plague and the destruction of Feudalism, which helped to create an artisan class. • Catholic Church was still very influential

6. Italian Origins • The Renaissance started in Italy which was less a country and more a collection of City States. • Rome, Florence, Venice, and Milan had become extremely rich through trade, and the wealthy chose to support the arts.

8. These city states developed rivalries to see who could produce the best art. • The Medici family of Florence were some of the biggest patrons of the arts. • Italy’s position in the Mediterranean made it more worldly than other countries. • This contact helped ancient works like Plato & Aristotle be “reborn” in Europe and interpreted through Christianity. • Humanism (focus on the individual) and a secular (non-religious/ worldly) approach help to define the Renaissance

9. Writing • The Renaissance was the first time writers composed their works in the vernacular, or the spoken language of the people. • This change allowed for more people to start reading, and promoted education

10. Art • The Renaissance period is considered to have some of the finest artist to have even lived. • These artists master perspective which gave their work depth and realism that was lacked in early artwork.

11. Leonardo Da Vinci • Donatello • Michelangelo • Raphael

12. Northern Renaissance • The Renaissance travelled north to countries like France, Britain, Germany, Holland, and Flanders • These countries all embraced this rebirth as they left the disease and warfare behind.

13. William Shakespeare • Considered the greatest writer of the Northern Renaissance. • Shakespeare has 198 works attributed to him including 38 plays (13 comedies, 10 histories, 10 tragedies, and 5 romances)

14. Renaissance and Religion • Before the Renaissance the Catholic church was considered the interpreter of all culture. • Though the artists and writers of the Renaissance embraced Humanism and secular ideas, the ideas and beliefs of the Church remained largely unchallenged.

15. Reformation: 1517 • German scholar named Martin Luther criticizes the corruption of the Catholic Church and calls for Reform • He sends these ideas to an Archbishop, and posts them at a local Church • There ideas will be printed and spread across Europe. • Luther’s Goal is to start a discussion, but he started the Reformation

16. 95 Theses • Look at the opening introduction and the first 10 points. • Take the handout. Read it quietly. • Identify words you don’t understand and mark them. • Write down what Luther’s main complaint/ goal/ comment is for that point.

17. Problems of the Church • Many local Priests were poor and uneducated. They meant well and weren’t the (big) problem • Higher ranking officials, like the Pope, often lived in luxury despite their vows of poverty.

18. The Church also sold Indulgences, or pardons for sins. • Indulgences were largely sold to help pay for the building of Saint Peter’s Basilica • Those who spoke against the church were either killed for Heresy or threatened with Excommunication

21. The start of the Protestants • Pope Leo X tells Luther to retract his 95 Theses • Luther refuses and goes into hiding • Luther will found the Lutheran church, and many Germans abandon the Catholic church to join • Some of the Princes in Germany will defy the King and join Luther. They become known as Protestants

23. Denominations • Switzerland: Huldrych Zwingli starts a church with no holy images or music, and emphasizes study of the Bible • Germany: John Calvin starts Calvinism which values hard work, thrift, and the rejection of worldly pleasure • England: Henry VIII starts the Anglican Church ANDmakes him self the head of it since the Pope refuses to let him get a divorce.

26. Counter-Reformation • The Church starts a reform movement known as the Counter-Reformation • Redefine Doctrine • Make Church Attendance Mandatory • Banned Books • Renewed Missionaries • Encouraged More Personal Worship • Build elaborate new Churches • Accepted the new religious order of the Jesuits • Although the Church wins some people back the Reformation & Printing Press forever change Europe

27. The Scientific Revolution • Starts with scientist, then called natural philosophers, using reasoning and observation to understand what they saw. • This will be how the laws of nature are discovered.

28. Origins of Modern Science • In the 1500s most Europeans turned to two sources for their science: the Bible/Religious Teachings and Classical Philosophers (Both have… issues) • Interaction with new countries, exploration, and new ways of looking at information encouraged people to start exploring the realm of science • Galileo’s Falling Body Experiment

30. Geocentric Theory • Aristotle believed that the Sun revolved around the Earth • An ancient Greek astronomer, Ptolemy, added to this explaining the solar system • This idea was known as the geocentric theory

31. Heliocentric Theory • In 1543 a Polish astronomer, Nicolaus Copernicus, determined that the Earth and other planets actually revolve around the Sun. • His work was largely ignored • A German mathematician, John Kepler, determined that the planets move in elliptical, not circles

33. Heliocentric Theory • An Italian scientist, Galileo Galilei, observed the sky through a telescope for the first time and concluded the Heliocentric theory was right • The Catholic Church calls Galileo a heretic and forces him to retract his views. Still the ideas spread

35. Newton • In 1687 Isaac Newton would publish his famous work Pincipia, or Principles. • This book would outline the laws of gravity, and the (three) laws of motion • Because of Newton’s and other scientists ideas many began to see the world as a well oiled machine

36. Three Laws of Motion • First law: When viewed in an inertial reference frame, an object either is at rest or moves at a constant velocity, unless acted upon by an external force. • Second law: The acceleration of a body is directly proportional to, and in the same direction as, the net force acting on the body, and inversely proportional to its mass. • Third law: When one body exerts a force on a second body, the second body simultaneously exerts a force equal in magnitude and opposite in direction to that of the first body.

37. Scientific Method • The Scientific Revolution’s key development was the Scientific Method, or the idea of using theory and observation to explain what happens. • Two early philosophers/scientists were influential in developing the scientific method: Rene Descartes & Francis Bacon

38. Bacon would emphasis the importance of experiments, and how you needed to conduct experiments to really see what would happen. • Descartes was a mathematician (really a LOT of things) but he believed that the human mind was capable of solving complex problems.

39. Important Inventions • The most important advances took place in the fields of biology, medicine, and chemistry • Microscope & thermometer were invented • Carl Linnaeus [Swedish] develops a system for classifying plants and animals (Linnaean Taxonomy) • William Harvey [English] discovers how blood moves through the body • Antonie Lavoisier [French] explains the chemical process that creates fire

40. Enlightenment • In the mid-1600s European thinkers started to apply scientific principals to the study of society and government. • These thinkers felt the key to reason was the key to human progress and social problems.

41. The Enlightenment was a result of the of the Scientific Revolution. • During the scientific revolution the goal was to understand the laws of nature • Enlightenment thinkers thought they could understand society in much the same way, through asking questions.

42. Enlightenment thinkers took the idea that people should have a say in their government from the Greeks and Romans. • The Enlightenment took an especially deep hold in Britain and France, even though thinks didn’t always agree.

43. British Enlightenment • Thomas Hobbes: Leviathan- people were naturally selfish and needed strong leaders to keep order • John Locke: Favored Constitutional Monarchy. He argued that government was based on a social contract- the people agreed to be ruled based in return for the protection of their rights.

44. Adam Smith: Wealth of Nations- believed the free market best served society when it was based on competition and personal interest. • His work is the basis of most Economic theory. • (Invisible Hand)

45. French Enlightenment • Baron de Montesquieu: Argued that government should have separation of power- legislative, executive, and judicial branches • Voltaire: Argued for religious tolerance & freedom of speech. • I do not agree with what you have to say, but I’ll defend to the death your right to say it

46. Rousseau: Believed that Society was Corrupt, and people should find harmony with nature, but acknowledged that government was necessary & should be based on the will of the people. • The Ideas of all of these Enlightenment thinkers would be known by the Founding Fathers, and heavily influenced the creation of the US government.