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Communicator’s Psychology. Diyah Ayu Amalia Avina M.Si D_avina@ub.ac.id. Communication Process and element ( laswell , 1948). Rhetoric . The art of effective or persuasive speaking or writing, especially the exploitation of figures of speech and other compositional technique.
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Communicator’s Psychology DiyahAyuAmaliaAvinaM.Si D_avina@ub.ac.id
Rhetoric • The art of effective or persuasive speaking or writing, especially the exploitation of figures of speech and other compositional technique http://www.oxforddictionaries.com/definition/english/rhetoric
Rhetorical Triangle http://justwriteonline.typepad.com/distributed_intelligence/2013/05/aristotles-three-musketeers-ethos-logos-pathos.html
http://gocouponz.com/pathos-logos-ethos/ethos-pathos-logos-publish-glogster-384297-5/http://gocouponz.com/pathos-logos-ethos/ethos-pathos-logos-publish-glogster-384297-5/
Ethos Ethos is the Greek word for “character.” The word “ethic” is derived from ethos. To get attention and to be trusted, people need both of the ability to talk and the right “appearance”. Self presentation is a must ethos is deliver by to show to his audience that he is a credible source and is worth listening to. Carl Hovland
ETHOS • Ethos is a source of credibility from orator (communicator) about him self • the expert of the content he talks • can be trusted
ETHOS • Ethos is assumed as a good sense, good moral, character and good will.
Important notes : • ethos isn’t a single variable. • Ethos has several dimension such as : Credibility Attraction Power Those dimension are detached, but it’s possible to mix it
credibility • A set of audience perception of communicator’s character / quality • It’s only perception – it’s not inherent with communicators self. It’s depend on perception of audience about communicators, topics and situations.
Example of Prior ethos: • At general lectures : prior ethos who is he? Why he looks impolite ? (shirt, messy hair) negative feelings
Beware : • Prior ethos can be destroyed by communicators behaviour. • Ex : nadine “putriindonesia “ -- smart? • How she answer question makes her look less smart.
Contoh intrinsic ethos : • ugly, bad taste of clothes (prior) adiseseq • When he starts talk about advertisement look smart (intrinsic)
Factors that affect credibility (2) • koehler, annatoldan Applbaum (1978:144-147)
ATTRACTIVENESS (Atraksi) • How attraction and similarity can attract audience to listen and changing their behaviour.
Attractiveness.. (2) shelly chaiken : communicators who has a physical attractiveness are relatively more success to attract and convince the audience Shelly chaiken
To sell something (relative) -- physical attractiveness persuasive power
Similarity: Research results : Communication in Homophily areas are relative more successful than heterophily People more emphatics and feel others people feeling that their think similar with them (Stotland and Dun 1962; Stotland, Zander, and Notsulas 1961) Similarity of communicator and audience are make easier to changes opinion or behaviour (Stotladn and Patchan 1961) Everett M Rogers
Result : It’s better for communicator to starts looking a common types / simmilarity of him/her with their audiences. • Strategy of identification (Kenneth Burke) • Establishing common ground (Herbert W Simons 1976)
Important notes • Unattractive, immoral communicators and does n’t has appropriate skills still can makes an effective communication. • Ex : a burglar talk about law – people believe what he says and ask amandement of law
Power • Power is ability to make defeat / obedience. • Obedience is affected by “interaction” of communicator and audiences.
Virtue. • Show that you share the audience’s values. PRACTICAL TIPS : • explicitly stating those values; • giving practical examples of how you live the values; • relating your values to your personal history; • talking about what others have said about you (modestly); • explaining how the audience's values have influenced your own; or • showing how the values have even weakened you or created a flaw in your behaviour (self-deprecatingly).
Practical wisdom. • Demonstrate that you are sensible and knowledgeable. PRACTICAL TIPS • Don't play the expert. Instead, show how your practical experience has benefited others - especially people the audience knows or respects. • Bend the rules. You’ll gain a lot of ethos from showing how flexible and adaptable you can be. • Play the mean. Express the issue as a question of two opposing extremes, and then rescue the situation by suggesting a common-sense, middle way.
Selflessness. • Demonstrate objectivity, benevolence and self-sacrifice. • PRACTICAL TIPS • Show how hard it was to come to your current position. And what it cost you. • Talk about personal sacrifice. The greater good trumps self-interest. • Act hesitant. Play uncertain, lacking in confidence, not entirely sure that you're right. Ask the audience to support and help you. Speak plainly.
Pathos is the Greek word for both “suffering” and “experience.” The words empathy and pathetic are derived from pathos • Communicator use pathos to invoke sympathy from an audience; to make the audience feel what what the author wants them to feel.
A common use of pathos would be to draw pity from an audience. • Another use of pathos would be to inspire anger from an audience; perhaps in order to prompt action. • Pathos can be developed by using meaningful language, emotional tone, emotion evoking examples, stories of emotional events, and implied meanings.
Pathos is important for a Rethor (communcator) -> communication stlye / languange option to attract and affect to the audience
LOGOS the appeal to logic, means to convince an audience by use of logic or reason. • logical appeals from communicator /orator about what he says is logic and should be followed by the audience. http://pathosethoslogos.com
Logos is the Greek word for “word,” however the true definition goes beyond that, and can be most closely described as “the word or that by which the inward thought is expressed, (Lat. Oratio); and, the inward thought itself (Lat. Ratio).
