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Parasitology : (Protozoa and Helminthes)

Parasitology : (Protozoa and Helminthes) . Protozoa: 1- Protozoa are unicellular ( eukaryotic ) or acellular organisms which are capable of performing all the vital functions of life. 2- Protozoan is measured in microns ( size vary from 2-150 µ ).

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Parasitology : (Protozoa and Helminthes)

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  1. Parasitology: (Protozoa and Helminthes) Protozoa: 1- Protozoa are unicellular (eukaryotic) or acellular organisms which are capable of performing all the vital functions of life. 2- Protozoan is measured in microns (size vary from 2-150 µ). 3- Cytoplasmic extension in form of pseudopodia, flagellae or cilia are responsible for locomotion. 4- Nucleus may be compact with diffuse chromatin or vesicular with central or eccentric karyosome (DNA) and peripheral chromatin (RNA). 5- Respiration is mostly anaerobic. 6- Secretion: Protozoa secrete digestive enzymes, toxins, cytolysin and antigenic substances. 7-Reproduction: may be asexual or sexual.

  2. According to Mode of locomotion, protozoa are classified into the following groups: Class: Rhizopoda: Protozoa move by pseudopodia. Entamoeba histolytica Class: Mastigophora: Protozoa move by flagellae. Gastrointestinal flagellates: Giardiaintestinalis Genitourinary flagellates: Trichomonasvaginalis Blood and Tissue flagellates: Trypanosomagambiense Trypanosoma rhodesiense,andLeishmania species. Class: Ciliophora: Protozoa move by cilia. Balantidium coli Class: Sporozoa: Protozoa have no motor organelles . Plasmodium species, and Toxoplasma gondii.

  3. Microscopic characteristics of protozoa: Giardiaintestinalistrophozoite: Iron – hematoxylin stain.

  4. a Trichomonas species: sexual transmission. Trypanosoma in blood film: Arthropod-born infection: Sleeping sickness disease.

  5. a Cutaneousleishmaniasis: caused by L. tropica. Arthropod-born disease: Vector: Sand-fly.

  6. a a

  7. a Plasmodium falciparum: Ring form and gametocyte : The diagnostic stage of Malaria. The Mosquito species of the genus Anopheles , the vector of Plasmodium.

  8. Helminthes: Helminthes can be classified into the following: 1-Trematodes(flukes): are members of Platyhelminthes. Trematoda are flattened- leaf shaped non-segmented hermaphrodites exceptSchistosoma species. Schistosoma : Schistosomes are unisexual blood flukes that have worldwide distribution. Three species are known to affect man: 1- Schistosomahematobium: It causes urinary bilharziasis. 2 - Schistosomamansoni: It causes intestinal bilharziasis.

  9. MORPHOLOGY: Male: 10-20 x I mm with short anterior cylindrical pan and posterior flattened part which incurved ventrally to form the gynaeccphoric canal. It has well developed oral and ventral suckers. Female: 15-25 x 0.25 mm:, cylindrical, ovary may "be central, anterior or posterior, uterus may be short or long containing eggs.

  10. 2-Cestoda: Flattened-segmented Platyhelminthes, hermaphroditic worms (Tapeworm) with body differentiated into: Scolex: 1-2 mm, carries, organ of fixation in the form of suckers or bothria. Neck actively dividing parts which gives rise to segments Segments start with immature segments followed by mature segments with well-developed reproductive organs and then by gravidsegments with well gravid uterus.

  11. a TAENIA WORMS: Two Taenia species are known to affect man: 1-Taeniasaginata (beef tapeworm) 2-Taeniasolium (pork tapeworm)

  12. Hymenolepis diminuta: Rat Tapeworm Distribution: worldwide Habitat: small intestine D.H. : Rat, mice, rarely man I.H.:larva of flea Morphology: 20-60 cm, 800-1000segments, scolex carries a small rostellum without hooks, immature, mature and gravid segments. Hymenolepis nana: Dwarf Tapeworm: Distribution: worldwide. Habitat: small intestine. D.H. man (adult worm in the lumen of small intestine). I.H. man ( larva in the submucosa of small intestine). Morphology: 2-4 cm, 100 segments, the scolex carries a small rostellum with one row of hooks, immature, mature and gravid segments.

  13. Hymenolepis nana: Dwarf Tapeworm: n

  14. 3- Nematoda: Nematodes are cylindrical non-segmented unisexual worms. They have body cavity containing fluids in which organs float. Anal and genital opening are separate in female and united in male (Cloaca). Mouth may be provided with lips, papillae and teeth. A-Ascarislumbricoides: Distribution: worldwide Habitat: Free in small intestine Morphology: Whitish yellow cylindrical worms: male 15-25 cm x 3 mm with posterior curved end, female 20 -40 cm x 5mm with tapering posterior end. it lays around 200000 eggs per day.

  15. B- Enterobius vermicularis: Pin Worm: Distribution: worldwide D.H:Man especially children, no intermediate host caecumand adjacent parts of ileum and ascending colon. Morphology: whitish cylindrical worms Male: 2-5 mm, posterior end coiled with one spicule. Female: 8-12 mm, posterior end is tapering like a pin. MODE OF INFECTION: 1-Autoinfection : ingestion of eggs on contaminated hands. 2-Ingestion of eggs with contaminated foods or drinks 3- Retrofection: egg hatches around the anal area and the larva migrates through anus to the colon.

  16. Enterobius vermicularis: Pin Worm D-shaped Egg (diagnostic stage)

  17. C-Trichcephalustrichiuris: Whip worm: Distribution: worldwide D.H: man , no intermediate host Habitat: large intestine( caecum), with its narrow part embedded in mucosa. Mode of infection: ingestion of embryonated egg. Morphology: whitish whip like with anterior narrow part, 2/5 of the body, and posterior broad part, 3/5 of the body. Male: 3-4.5 cm, posterior part is coiled with single sheathed spicule. Female: 3.5-5 cm, posterior end is straight.

  18. Trichcephalustrichiuris: Whip worm: n

  19. D-Trichinellaspiralis: Nematoda species occurring in rats, pigs, and humans (D.H). The parasite transmitted by ingestion of encysted larvae in skeletal muscles. Female Trichinellaworms produce up to 1,500 larvae per six weeks. Transmission: ingestion of pork meat. Diagnostic stage: The encystic larvae in skeletal muscles.

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