TEORI GOVERNANCE

1. TEORI GOVERNANCE SEBUAH TINJAUAN AWAL

2. Governance as a Field of Study Elemen Studi JenisTeori The Subject Matter (Focus) Setting KontekstualKemunculan Konten Material Dimensi The Locus MetodologidanAksiologi TeoriDeskriptif-Eksplanatif TeoriNormatif TeoriAsumtif Teori Instrumental

3. Governance theory helps to better frame an understanding of how the processes of collective decision making fail or succeed in our societies. • The study of governance is focused not just on aiding a better understanding of part of our world, but also has a concern with how the functioning and operation of that world could be made better. • Governance theory is interested not just in offering explanation, it also seeks to provide advice. It has the character of being both concerned with ‘what is’ and ‘what might be’. • Governance scholars are interested in how governance arrangements are chosen (intentionally or unintentionally), how they are maintained or how they are changed

4. The Rise of Governance Scientific Validity Respond to The Changing Environment Science Policy Relevant

5. The end of 20thorthe beginning of 21th • Economic (development) Globalization • The Spread of Democracy • Inf-Knowledge Based Society • Unsatisfactionary of NPM Scientific Validity Public Administration Policy Relevant Use Gidden (2000) illustration as “The Third Way”

6. Stoker (2009: 8) : Contextual of The Rise of Governance Something fundamental is happening to our economies and the umbrella term ‘globalisation’ is a good one to capture what is going on. There has been a strong trend towards a world of more rapid world-wide communication, closer connections between peoples and organsations and a greater sense of interconnectedness. Economies appear to be more interconnected, patterns of migration have taken on powerful and challenging directions, environmental pressures on the world’s resources seem to be both more intertwined and more pressing than in the past and the speed and pace of communication and the sharing of ideas and practices throughout the world appears to be offering new opportunities but also threats. We live in a world where there is a significant further development towards a global market in which patterns of production and consumption are organised by transnational companies and other related organisations, operating across national boundaries. Global finance markets and patterns of international trade in turn influence the shape of national economies.

7. What Governance tells us??? • It describes changes in the nature and role of the state—a shift from bureaucracy to markets and networks. • It also denotes a program for global reform • Governance describe and theorize changes in our world (This language has spread across numerous disciplines, including political science, economics, sociology, and public administration) • Governance also remakes our world

8. The key themes for the future of PA: (Bovaird, 2001) Governance, not just government—‘‘power to the stakeholders’’ Stakeholder-based analysis, not just public sector perspectives Network analysis—public service and public interest organizations that are joined up, not just stand-alone Self-organizing within complex adaptive systems, not just ‘‘restructuring’’ Evidence-based policy and management—‘‘what matters is what works’’ —not just performance measurement Organizational learning and innovation, not just ‘‘reforms’’ User and community coproduction, not just professional and political paternalism

9. Governance dapat dipandang sebagai : (John Pierre dan B. Guy Peters, 2000). • Sebagai suatu sistem hirarki dalam struktur organisasi, governance dimaknai sebagai perubahan hirarki yang fleksibel dari pucuk pimpinan atas ke bawah. • Sebagai suatu sistem networking menunjuk pada suatu titik dimana pelibatan semua elemen masyarakat sangat dikedepankan dan munculnya jejaring kebijakan. • Sebagai sistem pasar, governance lebih menekankan terjadinya mekanisme kerjasama antar stakeholders dalam memecahkan masalah bersama tanpa ada pihak yang dirugikan dan peran pemerintah tidak mendominasi.

10. Governance’s definitions ‘‘Governance’’ will be interpreted to mean the set of rules, structures and procedures which give stakeholders some power to influence the decisions which affect their welfare (Bovaird and Loeffler, 2001) Governance is about the rules of collectivedecision-making in settings where there are a plurality of actors or organisations and where no formal control system can dictate the terms of the relationship between these actors and organisations (Stoker, 2009)

11. the way state power is used in managing economic and social resources for development and society.” (The World Bank) “the exercise of political, economic and administrative authority to manage a nation’s affair at all levels. It is the complex mechanisms, process, relationships and institutions through which citizens and groups articulate their interests, exercise their rights and obligations and mediate their differences” (UNDP,1997)

12. 5 Proposisipentingdalammewujudkan Governance (Stoker, 1998) : • Menunjukpadaseperangkatinstitusidanaktor yang berasaldaridalammaupundiluarbirokrasipemerintah • Governance mengakuibatasdantanggungjawab yang kaburdalammenanganimasalahsosialekonomi • Governance mengenaladanyasalingketergantungandiantara institusi2 yang terlibatdalamtindakanbersama

13. Lanjutan : 4. Governance berkenaandenganjaringankerjaberbagaiaktor yang mandiridanotonom 5. Governance memahamikapasitasuntukmenyelesaikansemuamasalah yang tidaksepenuhnyatergantungkewenangannya, tetapi governance percayapemerintahmampumenggunakan cara2 dan tehnik2 baruuntukmengarahkandanmembimbing

14. Government dan Governance Government (Stoker, 1998) menunjukpada : • Institusinegara yang resmi • Monopolikekuasaanpemaksa yang sah • Kemampuannyauntukmembuatkeputusandankapasitasmenegakkanpemberlakuaanya • Proses2 formal daninstitusional yang berlangsungpada level negaranasionaluntukmenjagaketertibanmasyarakatdanmemfasilitasitindakanbersama

15. Governance lebihmenunjukpada : • Perubahanmaknapemerintah • Menunjukpadaprosesmemerintah yang baru • Kondisitatacaramemerintah yang berubah • Metodebarubagaimanamasyarakatdiperintah

16. Government & Governance

17. PERBEDAAN PERSPEKTIF NPM & GOVERNANCE • NPM = Corporate Values + Public Sector MNG Gov = Public Need + Democracy • NPM = outcomes (the how much of results) Gov = process (the how of policy) • NPM = Institutionalism & Public Choice (eco) Gov = Relationship government + society (pol) • NPM = Replace bureau with corporate management Gov = Retain government capacity to control public sector resource • NPM = Market based cultural revolution Gov = Cooperative arrangements with private sector

19. NPS dan Governance Power sharing and democratic Collaborative-participatory process Corporate governance, citizen/communitarian governance Democratic citizenship Model komunitasdan civil society BertindakDemokratisdanakuntabel Deliberative and shared value Serving not steering Political participation and civic engagement

20. NPS memiliki basis nilaiygsangatmiripdengan governance Menunjukpadavarian model governance ygada, NPS cenderungmengarahpadaapaygdisebut Box (….) dengan Citizen Governance atau communitarian governance, danapa yang disebutBovaird & Loffler dengan Public Governance Demokrasimerupakantitiktemuutamaantara NPS dan Governance

21. GOVERNANCE& DEMOKRASI

22. DimensiPolitik Governance : • Interconectednesspolitik & dimensi governance lainnya • Decision making context • Kekuasaandandistribusinya • power over society • power equal society • society over power (governance paradigm) • Prosesasosiasi, artikulasi, dankontestasikepentingan • Involving lembagapolitik • Tata hubungan, relasi, antarkelompokkepentinganatau stakeholder • Demokrasisebagainilaidasar governance

23. Demokrasi : IndikatorUtamaPolitik • Tumbuh-kembangnya political institution • Government (‘s monopoly) failure • Demokrasisebagai agenda utamapembangunandantransformasipolitik • Kemajuandanpertumbuhanekonomidipandangberkaitandengandemokrasi • Penguatanentitas non-negara

24. NilaiDasar & IndikatorDemokrasi • Perluasanruangpublik • Transparansi • Relasiantaraktor • Akuntabilitaspublik : eksternal-internal • Citizenship • Partisipasi • Law and social equity and equality • Rule of the game

25. Relasi Governance & Democracy (Jon Pierre , 2000) Ecoomic Dev Institutionalism DEMOKRATISASI GOVERNANCE Five governance Area Corpo. gov NPM Network, Partnership, & Deliberative RedefinisiDemokrasi Penjelasan : menurut Pierre, area ke 3, 4, dan 5 yang menjadikanpentingnyademokrasibagi governance

26. Relasi Governance & Demokrasi Robert Dahl (1971) ‘a key characteristic of democracy is the continuing responsiveness of the government to the preferences of its citizens, considered as political equals’; Menurut Dahl adaduadimensididalamdemokrasi, yaitupublic contestationsdanthe right to participate David Beetham (1992) ‘a mode of decision-making about collectively binding rules and policies over which the people exercise control, and the most democratic arrangement to be that where all members of the collectivity enjoy effective equal rights to take part in such decision-making directly

27. Relasi Governance & Demokrasi Terletakpadanilaidasarnya Semua stakeholder adalahentitaspolitik Demokrasiadalahalasansekaligusprasyaratterwujudnya governance Multidimensidankompleksitas governance menuntutperubahankonsepdemokrasi

28. Representative dan Associative Democracy Representative Associative (Jon Pierre, 2000) • Through formally political institution • Formally political mechanism • Limited political actors • Indirect political relation • Majority decision making • Legal and constitutional approach • Formal and non formal political institution • Formal and non formal mechanism • Unlimited and extensive political actors (pluralistic) • Collaborative relation • Deliberate decision making (dialogue or discourse)

29. Deliberative Democracy Demokrasi Liberal DemokrasiRepublikan DemokrasiDeliberatif • Demokrasihanyasebagapenghubungaparatpolitik-masyarakat • Negara hanyasebagaipelindung (pasif) • Basis nilaikebebasanindividu • Tugasindividumenyusunstrukturpasar • Basis nilaiadalahpeleburanindividudalamkomunitasdansuaramayoritas • Negara dipandangsamadenganorganisasimasyarakat • Masalahuntuksuaraminoritas JurgenHabermas, (1989)

30. Deliberative Democracy • Tidakberdasarkebebasanindividudansuaramayoritas • Menekankanpadarasionalitas yang mumpunidalamprosesmemutuskankebijakan, salingmengerti, partisipan • Tidakbergantungpadaaksikolektif, tapipadaterlembaganyaketerhubunganprosedurkomunikasi • Individusebagai citizen yang diskursif • Diskursifsecarainklusifdanmenjadikuasa paling utama (kuasakomunikasi) • Consensus orientation Proses-prosesdeliberatifjugadisuarakanDenhardt & Denhardt

31. PasardanDemokrasi Pasarbukansekedarinstitusiekonomi, tetapijugapolitik yang memilikitanggungjawabdemokrasi Demokrasipasardijalankandengan “Exit-voice” theory Kompetisi a perfect market can produce perfect regulation Demokrasipasarmelihatpilihanpubliksebagaiagregasikepentingan individual

32. GoVERNANCE & NETWORK: GOVERNANCE AS NETWORK AND GOVERNANCE OF THE NETWORK

33. Key Words: Non Hierarchical Negotiated Interaction Interorganizational relation Rooted : Political and Organization Theory Emperical Background : widespread of fragmentation, complexity, dynamic

34. governance network as: a relatively stable horizontal articulation of interdependent, but operationally autonomous actors; who interact through negotiations; which take place within a regulative, normative, cognitive and imaginary framework; that is self-regulating within limits set by external agencies; and which contributes to the production of public purpose

35. 1. How can we explain the formation, functioning and development of governance networks? 2. What are the sources of governance network failure and the conditions of success? 3. How can inter alia public authorities regulate self-regulating governance networks through different kinds of metagovernance? 4. What are the democratic problems and potentials inherent to network governance?

37. INTERDEPENDENCY interorganizational medium for interest mediation between interdependent, but conflicting actors each of whom has a rule and resource base of their own GOVERNMENTALITY an attempt of an increasingly reflexive and facilitating state to mobilize and shape the free actions of self-governing actors. Governance networks are construed as a political response to the failure of neo-liberalism to realize its key goal of ‘less state and more market’ INTEGRATION as a relatively institutionalized field of interaction between relevant and affected actors that are integrated in a community defined by common norms and perceptions GOVERNABILITY a horizontal coordination between autonomous actors who interact in and through different negotiation games

38. Stephen Osborne (NPG, 2010)