Dating Decline

1. Dating Decline Gurkha Regiment Victory Parade Pall Mall 1919 But the dates: WWI inter-war Constitutional Challenges mandate challenges WWII resource drain 1947 – India 1956 – Suez 1960s – all over the result: a Commonwealth of Nations

2. Declineor re-definition?

3. 20C: decolonizationin a neo-colonial world → formal, political ‘Nationalist’ aspirations → communal identities → metropolitan interests → settler society → Superpower meddling INC supporters

4. Arguments for Empire Military: garrisons in Empire [19C strategy] use of Indian army restricted from 1920s asset in WWII in Europe/ceased to outside Economic case: growing industrialization in Canada, India, Australia – lost ‘traditional’ benefit net gain Moral argument: pride emotional commitment But, pressure from outside and inside

5. Three paths to a postcolonial world: 1. rapid disengagement 2. constitutional disengagement3. armed resistance complicated by: neo-imperial intervention never simple

6. Pre 1945 disengagement ugly:geographies of identity in Palestine German colony, Haifa Baha’i World Center EinHod artist’s colony

7. כְּפַר רוּפִּיןkibbutz movement in modern Israel Nirdavid (1946)

8. Britain and Palestine • Arab history of fighting for local autonomy • Zionism: 19C roots British mandated territories Holocaust domestic political pressure • Israel created (1947) • Palestine divided

9. 1876 ‘the Lion’s Share’ vs. a bedraggled lion by 1956 What had changed?

10. Operation Kadesh State of Israel: 1949 Suez Crisis: 1956

11. Harold Macmillan’s diaryNassar as an ‘asiatic Mussolini’

12. That was: rapid disengagement [with a past] Next: constitutional negotiations [with complications]

13. Colonies and Mandates Ram Mohan Roy Nationalism in 19C:intellectual movements popular anti-colonialism religious revival Mohandas Gandhi Promise of WWI: human ‘Progress’ possibilities as administrators gone experience of Europe in war used to political/military purpose hopes dashed: Peace Conference in colonies

14. Interwar British rule in Indiaजलियांवाला बाग़ हत्याकांड • Defense of India Regulations • Ghadar conspiracy • KomagataMaru • Rowatt Acts (1919) • hartal • JallianwalaBagh massacre • Brigadier-General Reginald Dyer • British Lieutenant-Governor of Punjab, Sir Michael O'Dwyer wrote: ‘Your action is correct. Lieutenant Governor approves.’

15. Creation of a ‘Successful’ anti-colonial movement • charismatic leader • ahimsa – resisting by non-resistance • World War

16. Indian Independence Indian Nationalist Congress (INC) small elite → mass movement Mohandas K. Gandhi satyagraha; swadeshi; ahimsa Jawaharlal Nehru Muslim League Mohammed Ali Jinnah last British Viceroy, Lord Louis Mountbatten

17. Independence, 15 August 1947and Partition creates India and Pakistan Mohammad Ali Jinnah Pandit Jawaharlal Nehru Lord and Lady Mountbatten

18. Independence – PartitionAugust 1947

19. Characterizing Withdrawal

20. That was: constitutional negotiations [with complications] Next: armed resistance complicated by: neo-imperial intervention and, constitutional negotiations

21. ‘The Mickeys were hard menand only hard methodswould work with them.It was a war to savewhite civilization in Kenyaand in war people get killed.’ - A white policeman in Kenya http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=upc6yMKPu1c

22. Kenya: Commerce and Civilization • IBEA (1887) • ‘Lunatic Express’ to Lake Victoria • south Asian railway workers, become shopkeepers, urban artisan class • the Happy Valley ‘set’

23. Decolonization in Africa Issues of a Settler Society: Kenya pop.: various local groups kikuyu colonial administrators south Asian laborers and m.c. ‘white’ farmers and business Mau Mau Rebellion Independence 1962

24. Organizing resistances 1920s education jobs FGC 1930s/40s maumau

25. ‘White’ shareholdersthis alone is complex There was no ‘white’ perspective: Settler society: well-off investors de-mob soldiers Government-appointed administrators British ‘liberal’ society British conscripts “dad’s army”

26. Mau Mau lost land locked into waged labour political leaders jailed attacked cattle, and people [32 killed altogether] forest resistance oathing ceremonies women’s work arrested concentration/re-education camps

27. Northern Rhodesia fewer white settlers Copper administered by Colonial Office Southern Rhodesia significant no. white settlers displaced black societies →farming, mining Political power→1923 internal self-governance Nyasaland large population; generally poor administered by Colonial Office British Africa: 1953-80

28. CAF: a White and Black Issue African opposition: Kenneth Kaunda (Northern Rhodesia) Hastings Banda (Nyasaland) 1959: political posturing media positioning popular protest White Settlers widespread detention orders Rhodesian Front British government independence referendum Harold Macmillan Nyasaland → Malawi northern Rhodesia → Zambia southern Rhodesia → 1965 Declaration of Independence international sanctions/guerilla war – 1980 - Zimbabwe

29. Neocolonialisms 1960 Ghanaian Independence constitutional process bauxite Kwame Nkrumah 1966 deposed – CIA backed coup Akosombo Dam Volta River British-planned IMF, UK, American-financed interest rate fixed (high) 20% electricity for Ghana – cannot access profits