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Award Levels

Award Levels. Certificate – 1 AS – (30 credits) Subsidiary Diploma – 1 A-Level – (60 credits) Diplomas – 2 A-levels – (120 credits) Extended Diploma – 3 A Levels – (180 credits). Year 12 Units. BTEC National. Body in Action. Learning Outcomes.

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Award Levels

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  1. Award Levels • Certificate – 1 AS – (30 credits) • Subsidiary Diploma – 1 A-Level – (60 credits) • Diplomas – 2 A-levels – (120 credits) • Extended Diploma – 3 A Levels – (180 credits)

  2. Year 12 Units

  3. BTEC National Body in Action

  4. Learning Outcomes • Be able to label and correctly identify the skeletal system • Understand the different types of bones in the body and their purpose Interesting Fact: The human body has approximately 206 Bones.

  5. Cranium Mandible Scapula Clavicle Sternum Ribs Humerus Vertebrae Radius Ischium Pelvis Ulna Carpals Metacarpals Sacrum Phalanges Femur Ilium Patella Tibia Fibula Tarsals Metatarsals Phalanges

  6. Structure of the Skeleton: The bones of the skeleton can be divided into two distinct categories: AXIAL: The Axial skeleton provides the main area of support for the body, and includes the cranium, vertebral column and ribcage.

  7. Structure of the skeleton: APPENDICULAR: Consists of the appendages, or the bones of the limbs, together with the girdles that join on to the axial skeleton.

  8. Functions of the Skeleton • Support • Protection • Attachment for skeletal muscle • Leverage • Blood cell production • Storage of minerals

  9. Classifying Bones There are 5 basic types of bone. Their size and make up are linked to how we use them. Long • These are the large bones in our legs and arms.  They are used in the main movements of the body. Short • These are the small bones at the joints of our hands and feet, allowing fine movements

  10. Flat • These are the bones of the skull, shoulder girdle, ribs and pelvic girdle.  They protect the vital organs of the body.  Large muscles can be attached to the flat bones. Irregular • These are the bones in the face and vertebral column.  They gave the body protection and shape.

  11. Sesamoid • Sesamoid bones have a specialised function. They ease joint movement and resist friction and compression. They are usually developed in tendons and are covered in a layer of articular cartilage. The largest is the patella in the knee. This also prevents the knee from hyperextending.

  12. Joints • The human skeleton is jointed to allow movement. • Muscular contraction causes the bones to move about the joints. • The bones act as levers with the joints acting as pivots. A joint iswhere two or more bones meet andmuscles act together to cause movement.

  13. Types of Joints There are 3 main types of joint found in the body. 1.Fixed or Immoveable Joints The bones at an immoveable joint cannotmove - they overlap or interlock, and are held together by a tough fibre, e.g. theskull. 2.Slightly Moveable Joints The bones at a slightly moveable joint can only move a little - they are held together by strong straps called ligaments and are joined by protective pads known as cartilage, e.g. theribs. 3.Freely Moveable Joints At a freely moveable joint the bones move freely. They are also known as synovialjoints, and are the largest group of joints found in the body, e.g. thehips,shouldersandknees.

  14. Freely Moveable Joints • Freely Moveable joints are also known as Synovial Joints. • They are freely moving and occur where 2 or more bones meet. • There are about 70 freely moveable joints in the human skeleton. A typical synovial joint has the following characteristics: 1.Cartilage – A material which covers the end of each bone, and which helps prevent friction between the joint. 2.JointCapsule – The outer covering of the joint that holds the bones together and protects the joint. 3.SynovialMembrane – The inner lining of the joint capsule which also produces synovial fluid. 4.SynovialFluid – The fluid which surrounds the joint and acts like an ‘oil’, lubricating it to allow easy movement. 5.Ligaments – These are elastic straps which join bone to bone, holding the joint together. 6.Tendons – These are non-elastic straps which join muscle to bone.

  15. Examples of Synovial Joints Hip Joint Elbow Joint This joint can be moved in the following ways: • Bend • Straighten • Circle • Move away from the body • Move towards the body This joint can be moved in the following ways: • Bend • Straighten

  16. Shoulder Joint Knee Joint This joint can be moved in the following ways: • Bend • Straighten • Circle • Move away from the body • Move towards the body This joint can be moved in the following ways: • Bend • Straighten

  17. Wrist Joint This joint can be moved in the following ways: • Bend – but not as much as the knee & elbow. • Straighten - but not as much as the knee & elbow. • Circle – but not as much as the shoulder & hip. • Move away from the body – but not as much as the shoulder & hip. • Move towards the body – but not as much as the shoulder & hip.

  18. Types of Synovial Joints Freelymoveable (synovial) joints can be divided into six groups depending upon how they move. KEY Ball & Socket Joint Hinge Joint Pivot Joint Gliding Joint Saddle Joint Ellipsoid or Condyloid Joint

  19. 1. Ball and Socket Joints Ball and Socket joints are the most moveable joints in the body. They can move in all directions, e.g.thehipandshoulderjoints.

  20. 2. Hinge Joints Hinge joints work like a hinge on a door. They can only move in two directions, e.g.thekneeandelbowjoints.

  21. 3. Pivot Joints This joint only allows rotation,e.g. the vertebrae of the neck. 4. Gliding Joints There is a little movement in all directions, e.g. the hand between the carpals.

  22. 5. Saddle Joints In these joints there is movement forwards, backwards and to the right and left, but no rotation, e.g. the thumb. 6. Condyloid Joints Here there is a little movement in all directions, but there is no rotation, e.g. the wrist.

  23. What types of movement are possibleat the following joints? Ball and Socket Joint: • Extension • Flexion • Abduction • Adduction • Rotation • Circumduction Hinge Joint: Pivot Joint: • Extension • Flexion • Rotation

  24. Types of movement • Supination • Plantar Flexion • Dorsiflexion • Inversion • Eversion • Hyper-extension • Flexion • Extension • Abduction • Adduction • Circumduction • Rotation • Pronation

  25. Movement at Synovial Joints Different types of synovial joints allow different kinds of movement. 1. Extension: Straightening or extending a limb. 2. Flexion: Bending or flexing a limb. Example: the arm can be extended at the elbow. Example: the leg can be flexed at the knee.

  26. 3.Abduction:Moving a limb away from the centre line of the body. 4.Adduction:Moving a limb towards the centre line of the body. Example:The leg can be moved away from the centre of the body at the hip. Example:The arm can be moved towards the centre of the body at the shoulder.

  27. 5.Rotation: This is a turning or rotational movement of a limb or body part. 6.Circumduction:The ability of a limb to be moved in circles. Example:the head can be rotated at the neck. Example:the arm can move in circles at the shoulder.

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